Ligictaluridus michaelalicea n. sp. (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) from flathead catfish ( Pylodictis olivaris ) in the upper Mississippi River, including remarks on taxonomy influencing monogenean treatment regulation in the United States

Abstract

Ligictaluridus michaelalicea n. sp. (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae, Ancyrocephalinae) is described from the gills of Pylodictis olivaris (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) from Wisconsin and Iowa portions of the upper Mississippi River. Diagnostic features include a relatively large, strongly curved tubular cirrus with minor terminal flare; an accessory piece with a prominent basal lobe and a simple, thick terminal limb featuring a thin lateral flange and blunt distal tip devoid of recurved hooks. The sinistral vagina, two prostatic reservoirs, and a terminal seminal vesicle of the vas deferens are prominent. The anchors, ventral and dorsal bars, and hooks are similar in overall form to those of other members of the genus. The description includes sequence data for the 18S rRNA gene, which aligned most closely with species of ancyrocephaline monogeneans, with the highest similarity being with Ligictaluridus pricei (Mueller, 1936). Other monogenean species identified from the flathead catfish examined included L. pricei and Ligictaluridus mirabilis (Mueller, 1937). L. michaelalicea n. sp. is the fourth species to be described from P. olivaris within its natural range in central and eastern North America. Implications resulting from taxonomic name changes, including species of Ligictaluridus, and United States Food and Drug Administration treatment regulations are discussed. An updated key to species of the genus Ligictaluridus is presented.

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Prevalence and genetic characterization of eimeriid coccidia from feces of black-necked cranes, Grus nigricollis

Abstract

Disseminated visceral coccidiosis (DVC) is a widely distributed intestinal and extraintestinal disease of cranes caused by eimeriid coccidia and has lethal pathogenicity to several crane species. Here, feces of 164 black-necked cranes collected in Dashanbao Black-necked Crane National Nature Reserve, China, were examined to determine the prevalence of coccidial oocysts. Of the 164 fecal samples, 76 (46.3%) were positive for oocysts of Eimeria, including E. gruis in 59 (35.9%), E. reichenowi in 52 (31.7%), and E. bosquei in 47 (28.7%) by microscopic observation. Sixty-eight (89.5%) of these positive samples included two or more morphologically identifiable species of Eimeria. The nearly full length 18S rRNA gene (18S rRNA; about 1.8 kb) and partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene (COX1; about 1.3 kb) from oocysts of each morphologically distinct species of Eimeria were amplified, sequenced, and analyzed. BLAST searches using these new 18S rRNA sequences for E. gruis, E. reichenowi, or E. bosquei showed the most similar sequences were those of E. gruis (98.7–99.7% identity), E. reichenowi (97.9–100% identity), or E. gruis (98.6–99.6% identity) isolated from different species of Grus. BLAST searches using the new COX1 sequences for the three species of Eimeria showed that no nucleotide sequences of Eimeria and Isospora coccidia in GenBank have more than 83.0% identity with these species. Identities among the new COX1 sequences were 91.8% for E. gruis and E. reichenowi, 94.5% for E. gruis and E. bosquei, and 91.3% for E. reichenowi and E. bosquei. Phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rRNA or COX1 sequences indicated that Eimeria spp. in black-necked cranes were clustered together with other previously identified Eimeria species from different cranes.

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Green drugs in the fight against Anisakis simplex —larvicidal activity and acetylcholinesterase inhibition of Origanum compactum essential oil

Abstract

Anisakiasis is a fish-borne parasitic disease caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked fish, as well as cephalopods, contaminated by third instar larvae (L3) of species belonging to the genus Anisakis (Anisakidae). Origanum compactum is a small herbaceous aromatic plant endemic to Spain and Morocco. In Morocco, the plant is used under infusion to treat heart diseases and intestinal pains or as preservative for foodstuffs. This is the first time that the O. compactum essential oil is tested against the parasitic nematode Anisakis simplex. The phytochemical analysis by GC-MS revealed carvacrol (50.3%) and thymol (14.8%) as the major oil constituents. The essential oil and its major constituents carvacrol and thymol were tested against A. simplex L3 larvae isolated from blue whiting fish (Micromesistius poutassou). A. simplex mortality (%) after 24 and 48 h of treatment at 1 μl/ml was 100%, with a low LD₅₀ compared with other essential oils and extracts, and the penetration in the agar assay was also reduced, if compared with control wells. The oil, as well as its major constituents, demonstrated a dose-dependent larvicidal activity. Inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase through a colorimetric assay in 96-well plates was used to elucidate the pharmacological mechanism as this enzyme plays a key role in nematodes neuromuscular function. Interestingly, O. compactum essential oil, carvacrol and thymol inhibited the enzyme, confirming that this could be one of the mechanisms involved in the anthelmintic activity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that O. compactum essential oil is reported as a larvicidal agent against A. simplex L3 larvae.

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First report of a naturally patent infection with Dirofilaria immitis in an otter ( Lutra lutra )

Abstract

Dirofilaria immitis causes a severe and life-threatening cardio-pulmonary disease in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas; also, zoonotic infections have been reported. This parasitic vector-borne disease is mostly common in domestic and wild canids and felids. Here, we present a rare finding of this roundworm in the heart of a Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra). Four mature specimens of D. immitis were found in the right ventricle of the heart. Necropsy was performed after the animal was found road-killed in Eastern Serbia, close to the Danube River. Two heartworms were females, one was male and sex for one remained unidentified. Microfilariae were present in the uterus of one of the female heartworms, indicating that otters can act as reservoirs of dirofilariasis in the wild. This is the first report of a patent infection in a free-ranging otter.

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Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. modulation of lipid metabolism during tick infection is independent of AMPK and ERK pathways

Abstract

Despite the importance of fat body in metabolism of arthropods, studies in ticks are scarce. This study evaluated the lipid composition and activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) enzymes in Rhipicephalus microplus fat body after infection with different isolates of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (Metschnikoff, 1879) Sorokin, 1883. The isolates CG 32, GC 112, GC 148, GC 347, and GC 629 were inoculated as viable or non-viable conidia in the ticks. The engorged females were dissected, and their fat bodies were collected 24 and 48 h after infection. The lipid composition was assessed by thin layer chromatography, and enzyme activation was detected by Western blotting with antibodies against p-AMPK and p-ERK. The study showed increased levels of triacylglycerol 24 and 48 h and fatty acid after 48 h after inoculation with different isolates of viable fungi in the tick's hemocoel. Detection of the active form of ERK was demonstrated only after inoculation with non-viable conidia of all isolates tested. The active form of AMPK, only isolate CG 112 was able to activate with viable or non-viable conidia, whereas isolates CG 32 and CG 629 were able to activate with non-viable conidia. This study provides the first report about changes in important metabolic pathways in ticks infected with entomopathogenic fungi and suggests that the lipid content is modulated by non-usual pathways. However, further studies may be necessary for a better elucidation of this interaction.

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Molecular detection of Oxyspirura larvae in arthropod intermediate hosts

Abstract

To determine potential intermediate hosts of Oxyspirura petrowi, a common nematode eyeworm of wild gallinaceous birds, various arthropod species including red harvester ants, beetles, wood cockroaches, crickets, grasshoppers, katydids, and desert termites were screened for the presence of O. petrowi using specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers targeting the internal transcribed spacer 2 region (ITS2) of the eyeworm ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA). This is the first study to investigate the intermediate hosts of O. petrowi utilizing molecular techniques. We determined 38% (13/34) of the cockroaches, 27% (3/11) of the crickets, and 23% (68/289) of the grasshoppers which were positive for O. petrowi. Identifying potential intermediate hosts of O. petrowi is essential to better understanding the epizoology of the eyeworm's transmission mechanics and to controlling infections in wild gallinaceous birds.

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Removal and Transformation of Pollutants in a Two-Line Denitrifying Phosphorus Removal Process Treating Low C/N Municipal Wastewater: Influence of Hydraulic Retention Time

Abstract

A two-line denitrifying phosphorus removal process (2L-DPR) was established treating low C/N municipal wastewater efficiently in our previous studies, while hydraulic retention time (HRT) is one of the most important factors determining the substrate loading, contact time for biomass, and pollutants and further affect performance of the whole system. Removal and transformation mechanism of organic carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) were investigated together with mass balance under various HRTs (6, 9, and 18 h) in the established 2L-DPR process. The results showed that in anaerobic units, the concentration of the main storage products in activated sludge such as poly-hydroxyvalerate (PHV) and poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) at HRT of 9 h was higher than that under other HRTs. The highest TN and TP removal efficiency was also achieved under the HRT of 9 h with removal rates of 55.9% and 84.6% respectively. Increasing HRT from 6 to 9 h greatly enhanced TN removal in anoxic and aerobic units; however, HRTs had little influence on COD removal with effluent concentration of 48.6, 49.1, and 48.9 mg/L, respectively. HRT affected phosphorus up-taken in anoxic and aerobic units rather than on the release of phosphorus processes in anaerobic units.

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Design and Kinematic Analysis of the Novel Almost Spherical Parallel Mechanism Active Ankle

Abstract

The novel mechanism Active Ankle features three degrees of freedom that operate in an almost spherical manner. In comparison to spherical devices, its design offers advantages such as high stiffness, a simple and robust construction, and a good stress distribution. In the present paper, a comprehensive study of the design, analysis, and control of the Active Ankle in its almost-spherical work modality is provided. In particular, the kinematic analysis of the mechanism is conducted, solving the full inverse, the rotative inverse, and the forward kinematic problems. In addition, the manipulator's workspace is characterized and the kinematic control, that has been implemented on a prototype of Active Ankle, is presented together with experimental results that demonstrate the employability as an ankle joint in a full body exoskeleton.

http://ift.tt/2COJrOT

Maternal Obesity and Risk of Preterm Birth and Low Birthweight in Hawaii PRAMS, 2000–2011

Abstract

Objective Maternal obesity is a risk factor for preterm birth, a leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality. Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders (NHOPI) have high rates of poor birth outcomes. Despite the high rates of obesity in NHOPI in Hawaii, the association with preterm birth has not been examined in this population. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of 20,061 women using data collected by Hawaii's Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) from 2000 to 2011. We investigated the contribution of maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational diabetes, hypertension, race, socioeconomic status, and smoking to our primary outcomes of preterm birth and low birthweight using multivariable logistic regression, stratified by NHOPI versus non-NHOPI race. Results Pre-pregnancy obesity was more common in NHOPI than non-NHOPI women (23.9 and 10.5%, respectively; p < 0.01). Overall, the risk for preterm birth increased with maternal obesity (BMI ≥ 30.0; aOR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.06–1.45, p < 0.01), compared with normal weight women. Among NHOPI women, the prevalence of preterm birth was elevated compared with non-NHOPI women although the prevalence of low birth weight was lower. After adjusting for confounders, risk for preterm birth and low birth weight were elevated in NHOPI women compared with White women. Maternal obesity did not significantly affect the risk of prematurity within the NHOPI group. Conclusions for Practice Our study demonstrates an association between maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and preterm deliveries in Hawaii. NHOPI have high rates of pre-pregnancy obesity as well as increased risk of both preterm delivery and low birthweight when compared to White women. Further data are needed to assess interactions between race, maternal health, and neonatal morbidity, and to identify ways to improve birth outcomes for minority populations in the state of Hawaii.

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African-American women’s Upward Economic Mobility and Small for Gestational Age Births: A Population-Based Study

Abstract

Background The relationship between African-American women's upward economic mobility and small for gestational age (weight for gestational < 10th percentile, SGA) rates is incompletely understood. Objective To ascertain the extent to which African-American women's upward economic mobility from early-life impoverishment is coupled with reduced SGA rates. Methods Stratified and multilevel logistic regression analyses were completed on the Illinois transgenerational dataset of African-American infants (1989–1991) and their Chicago-born mothers (1956–1976) with linked U.S. census income information. Results Impoverished-born (defined as lowest quartile of neighborhood income distribution) African-American women (n = 4891) who remained impoverished by the time of delivery had a SGA rate of 19.7%. Individuals who achieved low (n = 5827), modest (n = 2254), or high (n = 732) upward economic mobility by adulthood had lower SGA rates of 17.2, 14.8, and 13.7%, respectively; RR = 0.9 (0.8–0.9), 0.8 (0.7–0.8), and 0.7 (0.6–0.8), respectively. In adjusted (controlling for traditional individual-level risk factors) multilevel regression models, there was a decreasing linear trend in SGA rates with increasing levels of upward economic mobility; the adjusted RR of SGA birth for impoverished-born African-American women who experienced low, modest, of high (compared to no) upward mobility equaled 0.95 (0.91, 0.99), 0.90 (0.83, 0.98), and 0.86 (0.75, 0.98), respectively, p < 0.05. Conclusions African-American women's upward economic mobility from early-life residence in poor urban communities is associated with lower SGA rates independent of adulthood risk status.

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Biological and molecular features of Nosema rachiplusiae sp. n., a microsporidium isolated from the neotropical moth Rachiplusia nu (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract

Light, electron microscopy and DNA analyses were performed to characterize a microsporidium infecting Rachiplusia nu larvae from a laboratory rearing in Argentina. Diplokaryotic spores were oval and measured 3.61 ± 0.29 × 1.61 ± 0.14 μM (fresh). The spore wall was composed of an electron-dense exospore and an electron-lucent endospore, ca. 30 nm and 100–120 nm thick, respectively. The polar filament was arranged in a single rank of 10–12 coils (typically 11). Microsporidian cells were found in the cytoplasm, next to the endoplasmic reticulum (especially the prespore stages) and generally surrounded by electron-lucent spaces. The infection was polyorganotropic; the fat body appeared as the most heavily invaded tissue, followed by tracheal matrix and epidermis. A molecular phylogeny based on the small (SSU) and large subunit (LSU) ribosomal RNA genes clearly placed the new isolate within the "Nosema bombycis clade". Considering both SSU and LSU concatenated partial sequences, the microsporidium from R. nu showed 99.5% nucleotide similarity with N. bombycis and 99.8% with its closest relative, a microsporidium isolated from Philosamia cynthia. According to its genetic and biological features, the R. nu isolate is proposed as the new species Nosema rachiplusiae sp. n., expanding the limited knowledge on microsporidia associated to endemic South-American moths.

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De novo transcriptomics reveal distinct phototransduction signaling components in the retina and skin of a color-changing vertebrate, the hogfish ( Lachnolaimus maximus )

Abstract

Across diverse taxa, an increasing number of photoreceptive systems are being discovered in tissues outside of the eye, such as in the skin. Dermal photoreception is believed to serve a variety of functions, including rapid color change via specialized cells called chromatophores. In vitro studies of this system among color-changing fish have suggested the use of a phototransduction signaling cascade that fundamentally differs from that of the retina. Thus, the goal of this study was to identify phototransduction genes and compare their expression in the retina and skin of a color-changing fish, the hogfish Lachnolaimus maximus. De novo transcriptomics revealed the expression of genes that may underlie distinct, yet complete phototransduction cascades in L. maximus retina and skin. In contrast to the five visual opsin genes and cGMP-dependent phototransduction components expressed in the retina of L. maximus, only a single short-wavelength sensitive opsin (SWS1) and putative cAMP-dependent phototransduction components were expressed in the skin. These data suggest a separate evolutionary history of phototransduction in the retina and skin of certain vertebrates and, for the first time, indicate an expression repertoire of genes that underlie a non-retinal phototransduction pathway in the skin of a color-changing fish.

http://ift.tt/2F4h3dP

Selective Determination of Chromium(VI) in Industrial Wastewater Samples by Micro-Electromembrane Extraction Combined with Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Abstract

This study describes application of free liquid membrane (FLM) in micro-electromembrane extraction (μ-EME) of Cr(VI) from wastewater samples. Amount of Cr(VI) was quantified by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The transportation of Cr(VI) across the FLM was explored by electrokinetic migration and ion-exchange process. FLM and acceptor solution types, pH of donor and acceptor solutions, applied electrical potential, as well as FLM thickness were optimized. Presence of an anion exchange carrier (methyl trialkyl-ammonium chloride, Aliquat 336) in FLM facilitated Cr(VI) transportation. The best performance was observed for 1-octanol (containing 5% Aliquat 336) with thickness of 1 mm used as FLM, under applied electrical potential of 75 V, when 0.5 M NaClO₄ and 0.1 M HCl were used as the acceptor and donor phases, respectively; and the extraction time was set to 5 min. Linearity was obtained in the working range of 0.5–14.0 ng mL⁻¹ Cr(VI) (R² > 0.98). The calculated limit of detection was below 0.06 ng mL⁻¹. Application of this method to wastewater samples showed that relative recoveries of the spiked Cr(VI) in the samples were in the range of 73.8–85.1%, based on the standard addition method.

http://ift.tt/2FG0W6Y

Porostereum sp., Associated with Saffron ( Crocus sativus L.), is a Latent Pathogen Capable of Producing Phytotoxic Chlorinated Aromatic Compounds

Abstract

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is one of the most expensive spices in the world due to its medicinal and aromatic value. However, saffron production is severely affected by the corm rot disease throughout the saffron producing countries. In this study, we report a basidiomycetous latent pathogen of saffron, designated as CSE26, capable of producing phytotoxic compounds. CSE26 is a highly odorous basidiomycete with monomitic hyphal system. Molecular phylogeny of ITS and 28S ribosomal gene sequence of CSE26 assigned it as Porostereum spadiceum. It was found to produce corm rot in C. sativus under in vivo and field conditions, with a disease severity index of 0.7 and 0.5, respectively. CSE26 was found to produce chlorinated aromatic compounds (CAMs) having phytotoxic activity against Arabidopsis plants. Therefore, these compounds may be acting as pathogenic determinants of CSE26. However, there is a need to study the level of production of these CAMs by this fungus in the natural environment and their effects on plant health.

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Electron Transfer Dissociation and Collision-Induced Dissociation of Underivatized Metallated Oligosaccharides

Abstract

Electron transfer dissociation (ETD) and collision-induced dissociation (CID) were used to investigate underivatized, metal-cationized oligosaccharides formed via electrospray ionization (ESI). Reducing and non-reducing sugars were studied including the tetrasaccharides maltotetraose, 3α,4β,3α-galactotetraose, stachyose, nystose, and a heptasaccharide, maltoheptaose. Univalent alkali, divalent alkaline earth, divalent and trivalent transition metal ions, and a boron group trivalent metal ion were adducted to the non-permethylated oligosaccharides. ESI generated [M + Met]⁺, [M + 2Met]²⁺, [M + Met]²⁺, [M + Met – H]⁺, and [M + Met – 2H]⁺ most intensely along with low intensity nitrate adducts, depending on the metal and sugar ionized. The ability of these metal ions to produce oligosaccharide adduct ions by ESI had the general trend: Ca(II) > Mg(II) > Ni(II) > Co(II) > Zn(II) > Cu(II) > Na(I) > K(I) > Al(III) ≈ Fe(III) ≈ Cr(III). Although trivalent metals were utilized, no triply charged ions were formed. Metal cations allowed for high ESI signal intensity without permethylation. ETD and CID on [M + Met]²⁺ produced various glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages, with ETD producing more cross-ring and internal ions, which are useful for structural analysis. Product ion intensities varied based on glycosidic-bond linkage and identity of monosaccharide sub-unit, and metal adducts. ETD and CID showed high fragmentation efficiency, often with complete precursor dissociation, depending on the identity of the adducted metal ion. Loss of water was occasionally observed, but elimination of small neutral molecules was not prevalent. For both ETD and CID, [M + Co]²⁺ produced the most uniform structurally informative dissociation with all oligosaccharides studied. The ETD and CID spectra were complementary.

Graphical Abstract

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Cervical hemivertebra resection and torticollis correction: report on two cases and literature review

Abstract

Purpose

Hemivertebra of the cervical spine is a rare but complex spinal malformation. To our knowledge, only one publication describes excision of an upper–middle cervical (between C2 and C4) hemivertebra. We present our experience with two cases of C3 hemivertebra resection and torticollis correction via a combined anterior–posterior–anterior surgical approach and short segment fixation.

Methods

Two 12-year-old patients with torticollis due to congenital C3 hemivertebra underwent surgery consisting of combined anterior vertebral body osteotomy, posterior element resection with segment instrumentation and deformity correction, and iliac bone graft reconstruction and fixation via an anterior approach. During the osteotomies, the transverse process accompanied with the vertebral artery was disconnected and freed away from the spinal column. Then the deformity was corrected without touching the vertebral artery, which made the procedure safe and comfortable. The details of this technique are presented. Pre- and postoperative radiographic features, as well as clinical outcomes were evaluated.

Results

The treatment process was uneventful. The patients had satisfactory clinical outcomes at a mean of 1.5 years follow-up. Head tilt and chin rotation were corrected completely. Radiographs showed favorable deformity correction, well-balanced coronal and sagittal alignment, and solid bony fusion.

Conclusion

Combined anterior–posterior–anterior hemivertebra resection with short segment instrumentation is a reasonable option for the treatment of congenital cervical hemivertebra, which provided satisfactory deformity correction and good clinical outcomes.

Level of evidence

4.

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Comparison of choline influx from dynamic 18 F-Choline PET/CT and clinicopathological parameters in prostate cancer initial assessment

Abstract

Aim

The aim of the study was to compare the kinetic analysis of ¹⁸F-labeled choline (FCH) uptake with static analysis and clinicopathological parameters in patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer (PC).

Materials and methods

Sixty-one patients were included. PSA was performed few days before FCH PET/CT. Gleason scoring (GS) was collected from systematic sextant biopsies. FCH PET/CT consisted in a dual phase: early pelvic list-mode acquisition (from 0 to10 min post-injection) and late whole-body acquisition (60 min post-injection). PC volume of interest was drawn using an adaptative thresholding (40% of the maximal uptake) on the late acquisition and projected onto an early static frame of 10 min and each of the 20 reconstructed frames of 30 s. Kinetic analysis was performed using an imaging-derived plasma input function. Early kinetic parameter (K1 as influx) and static parameters (early SUVmean, late SUVmean, and retention index) were extracted and compared to clinicopathological parameters.

Results

K1 was significantly, but moderately correlated with early SUVmean (r = 0.57, p < 0.001) and late SUVmean (r = 0.43, p < 0.001). K1, early SUVmean, and late SUVmean were moderately correlated with PSA level (respectively, r = 0.36, p = 0.004; r = 0.67, p < 0.001; r = 0.51, p < 0.001). Concerning GS, K1 was higher for patients with GS ≥ 4 + 3 than for patients with GS < 4 + 3 (median value 0.409 vs 0.272 min^− 1, p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed for static parameters.

Conclusions

FCH influx index K1 seems to be related to GS and could be a non-invasive tool to gain further information concerning tumor aggressiveness.

http://ift.tt/2GT2slB

Comparable clinical and radiological outcomes between skipped-level and all-level plating for open-door laminoplasty

Abstract

Purpose

To compare the clinical and radiological outcomes between skipped-level and all-level plating for cervical laminoplasty.

Methods

Patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) treated by open-door laminoplasty with minimum 2-year postoperative follow-up were included. All patients had opening from C3–6 or C3–7 and were divided into skipped-level or all-level plating groups. Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores and canal measurements were obtained preoperatively, immediate (within 1 week) postoperatively, and at 2, 6 weeks, 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Paired t test was used for comparative analysis. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to determine the canal expansion cutoff for spring-back closure.

Results

A total of 74 subjects were included with mean age of 66.1 ± 11.3 years at surgery. Of these, 32 underwent skipped-level plating and 42 underwent all-level plating. No significant differences were noted between the two groups at baseline and follow-up. Spring-back closure was observed in up to 50% of the non-plated levels within 3 months postoperatively. The cutoff for developing spring-back closure was 7 mm canal expansion for C3–6. No differences were observed in JOA scores and recovery rates between the two groups. None of the patients with spring-back required reoperation.

Conclusions

There were no significant differences between skipped-level and all-level plating in terms of JOA or recovery rate, and canal diameter differences. This has tremendous impact on saving costs in CSM management as up to two plates per patient undergoing a standard C3–6 laminoplasty may be omitted instead of four plates to every level to achieve similar clinical and radiological outcomes.

Level of evidence

III.

Graphical abstract

These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.

http://ift.tt/2oDtHte

Liver Safety of Fasiglifam (TAK-875) in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Review of the Global Clinical Trial Experience

Abstract

Introduction

Fasiglifam (TAK-875) is a G protein-coupled receptor 40 agonist that was being investigated for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A development program was terminated late in phase III clinical trials due to liver safety concerns.

Methods

The liver safety of fasiglifam was assessed from data based on six phase II and nine phase III double-blind studies and two open-label studies with emphasis on pooled data from 15 double-blind studies from both global and Japanese development programs. Taking into consideration different daily doses of fasiglifam administered in clinical studies, the primary comparisons were between all patients exposed to fasiglifam (any dose) versus placebo, and, where applicable, versus the two active comparators, sitagliptin or glimepiride. A Liver Safety Evaluation Committee consisting of hepatologists blinded to treatment assignments evaluated hepatic adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs (SAEs) for causal relationship to study drug.

Results

The analysis included data from 9139 patients with T2DM in 15 double-blind controlled studies who received either fasiglifam (n = 5359, fasiglifam group), fasiglifam and sitagliptin (n = 123), or a comparator agent (n = 3657, non-exposed group consisting of placebo and other antidiabetic agents). Exposure to treatment for more than 1 year ranged from 249 patients in the placebo arm, to 370 patients in the glimepiride arm and 617 patients in the fasiglifam 50 mg arm. The primary focus of the analysis was on the hepatic safety of fasiglifam. The overall safety profile based on treatment-emergent AEs (TEAEs), SAEs, deaths, and withdrawal due to AEs was similar between fasiglifam and placebo (excluding liver test abnormalities). However, there was an increased incidence rate of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevations > 3 × upper limit of normal (ULN), 5 × ULN, and 10 × ULN in fasiglifam-treated patients compared with those treated with placebo or active comparators. ALT elevations > 3 × ULN for fasiglifam were 2.7% compared with 0.8 and 0.5% for the active comparators and placebo. There did not appear to be a clear dose response in incidence of ALT elevations between patients receiving 25 or 50 mg daily. The cumulative incidence of elevations in serum ALT > 3 × ULN was higher in the first 6 months of treatment with fasiglifam compared with both placebo and the active comparators, but the rate of new ALT elevations appeared to be similar across all treatment groups thereafter. No demographic or baseline patient characteristics were identified to predict elevations exceeding ALT > 3 × ULN in fasiglifam-treated patients. The pattern of liver injury with fasiglifam was hepatocellular, and there were no reports of liver-related deaths, liver failure or life-threatening liver injury. Most fasiglifam-associated ALT elevations were asymptomatic and resolved promptly upon discontinuing treatment, but in two patients the recovery was prolonged. Importantly, three important serious liver injury cases were identified among fasiglifam-treated patients; one case was adjudicated to be a clear Hy's Law case and the two remaining cases were considered to closely approximate Hy's Law cases.

Conclusions

Although the incidence of overall AEs, SAEs, and deaths was similar between fasiglifam and placebo, a liver signal was identified based primarily on the difference in liver chemistry values in the fasiglifam group compared with the placebo and active comparator groups. Three serious liver injuries were attributed to fasiglifam treatment. Clinical development of fasiglifam was halted due to these liver safety concerns.

http://ift.tt/2HRRVIV

Diffusion augmented complex adaptive IIR algorithm for training widely linear ARMA models

Abstract

In this paper, our aim is to propose a fully distributed adaptive algorithm for learning the parameters of a widely linear autoregressive moving average model by measurements collected by a network. To this end, we consider a connected network where every node uses the augmented complex adaptive infinite impulse response (ACA-IIR) filter as the learning rule. We firstly formulate the learning problem as an optimization problem and resort to stochastic gradient optimization argument to solve it and derive the proposed algorithm, which will be referred to as diffusion ACAIIR (DACA-IIR) algorithm. We also introduce a reduced-complexity version of the DACA-IIR algorithm. We use both synthetic and real-world signals in our simulations where the results show that the proposed cooperative algorithm outperforms the noncooperative solution.

http://ift.tt/2CqLtZM

QTL for tuber morphology traits in diploid potato

Abstract

A diploid, potato mapping population consisting of 149 individuals was assessed in three consecutive years for important agronomic and quality traits: tuber shape, regularity of tuber shape, eye depth, mean tuber weight, and tuber flesh color. Analysis of variance showed that the genotype had the largest influence on the phenotypic scores but effect of the genotype × year interactions was also strong. Using this data and an existing genetic map, a quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was conducted. From four to seven QTL were detected for each trait except tuber flesh color, which was determined by a major QTL on chromosome III explaining 76.8% of the trait variance. Additionally, a minor QTL for flesh color was localized on chromosome II. For the other traits, significant QTL were detected: for tuber shape on chromosome X, for regularity of tuber shape on chromosome III, for eye depth on chromosome IV, and for tuber weight on chromosome I. Some detected QTL confirmed previous studies, but new ones were also identified.

http://ift.tt/2GQEpnq

Selective withdrawal from an intake channel connected to a reservoir

Abstract

This paper investigates selective withdrawal from an intake channel connected to a two-layer stratified reservoir using a line sink located at the downstream end of the intake channel. Such a withdrawal scenario is commonly observed at intake channels, skimming operations, and pump intake bays. This study formulates mathematical expressions for such a withdrawal scenario in order to extend our knowledge and to develop a mathematically simpler method in the case where a solution already exists. An expression to compute the incipient Froude number was developed considering the effect of a boundary. Expressions were developed to obtain discharge ratios for the scenarios when the line sink is located at the channel bottom and far away from the channel bottom. When the interface is located below the channel bottom and only at the reservoir, the intake channel itself behaves as a rectangular orifice, and an expression to compute the incipient Froude number for such a case was developed. The mathematical results were compared to the results obtained from a computational fluid dynamics solver and other relevant published studies.

http://ift.tt/2HTw3wW

Rank–sparsity balanced representation for subspace clustering

Abstract

Subspace learning has many applications such as motion segmentation and image recognition. The existing algorithms based on self-expressiveness of samples for subspace learning may suffer from the unsuitable balance between the rank and sparsity of the expressive matrix. In this paper, a new model is proposed that can balance the rank and sparsity well. This model adopts the log-determinant function to control the rank of solution. Meanwhile, the diagonals are penalized, rather than the strict zero-restriction on diagonals. This strategy makes the rank–sparsity balance more tunable. We furthermore give a new graph construction from the low-rank and sparse solution, which absorbs the advantages of the graph constructions in the sparse subspace clustering and the low-rank representation for further clustering. Numerical experiments show that the new method, named as RSBR, can significantly increase the accuracy of subspace clustering on the real-world data sets that we tested.

http://ift.tt/2t3UG6A

Activated carbon-supported CuO nanoparticles: a hybrid material for carbon dioxide adsorption

Abstract

Activated carbon-supported copper(II) oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were synthesized by simple impregnation method to improve carbon dioxide (CO₂) adsorption capacity of the support. The structural and chemical properties of the hybrid material were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analyses. The analyses showed that CuO nanoparticles are well-distributed on the activated carbon surface. The CO₂ adsorption behavior of the activated carbon-supported CuO nanoparticles was observed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), temperature programmed desorption (TPD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and BET analyses. The results showed that CuO nanoparticle loading on activated carbon led to about 70% increase in CO₂ adsorption capacity of activated carbon under standard conditions (1 atm and 298 K). The main contributor to the observed increase is an improvement in chemical adsorption of CO₂ due to the presence of CuO nanoparticles on activated carbon.

http://ift.tt/2BVUoRT

Label free quantitative proteomics reveals the role of miR-200b in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells

Abstract

Background

Our previous studies indicated that miR-200b inhibits the growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC) cells. In this study, we employed quantitative proteomics techniques to unravel the role of miR-200b in AIPC.

Methods

miR-200b was over-expressed or inhibited by transfection with miR-200b mimics or miR-200b inhibitor in PC3 cells. Total proteins were collected and the profiles of different groups were analyzed by label-free proteomics. PANTHER was applied to analyze biological processes, molecular functions and pathways of proteins regulated by miR-200b. miRBase was used to evaluate target genes of miR-200b in proteins regulated by miR-200b.

Results

Thirteen proteins were up-regulated in miR-200b mimics/mimics NC (negative miRNA control) and 14 proteins were down-regulated; 67 proteins were up-regulated in miR-200b inhibitor/inhibitor NC and 98 proteins were down-regulated. There were seven proteins which were both down-regulated by miR-200b mimics and up-regulated by miR-200b inhibitor, TM4SF1, YAP1, PPP1R2, MARCKS, RTN4, GLIPR2 and SUCLG1. Among these, TM4SF1, YAP1, PPP1R2, MARCKS, RTN4 were predicted as target genes of miR-200b by miRBase, while GLIPR2 and SUCLG1 were not.

Conclusion

This work identified several target genes of miR-200b by label free proteomics method, i.e., TM4SF1, YAP1, PPP1R2, MARCKS, RTN4, GLIPR2, and SUCLG1. The signaling pathways regulated by these proteins such as Hippo signaling may contribute to the phenotype resulting from miR-200b.

http://ift.tt/2oBOrkV

Current applications of antibody microarrays

Abstract

The concept of antibody microarrays is one of the most versatile approaches within multiplexed immunoassay technologies. These types of arrays have increasingly become an attractive tool for the exploratory detection and study of protein abundance, function, pathways, and potential drug targets. Due to the properties of the antibody microarrays and their potential use in basic research and clinical analytics, various types of antibody microarrays have already been developed. In spite of the growing number of studies utilizing this technique, few reviews about antibody microarray technology have been presented to reflect the quality and future uses of the generated data. In this review, we provide a summary of the recent applications of antibody microarray techniques in basic biology and clinical studies, providing insights into the current trends and future of protein analysis.

http://ift.tt/2HU2hIb

A New Approach Based on Two-stream CNNs for Novel Objects Grasping in Clutter

Abstract

Recently, many researches focus on learning to grasp novel objects, which is an important but still unsolved issue especially for service robots. While some approaches perform well in some cases, they need human labeling and can hardly be used in clutter with a high precision. In this paper, we apply a deep learning approach to solve the problem about grasping novel objects in clutter. We focus on two-fingered parallel-jawed grasping with RGBD camera. Firstly, we propose a 'grasp circle' method to find more potential grasps in each sampling point with less cost, which is parameterized by the size of the gripper. Considering the challenge of collecting large amounts of training data, we collect training data directly from cluttered scene with no manual labeling. Then we need to extract effective features from RGB and depth data, for which we propose a bimodal representation and use two-stream convolution neural networks (CNNs) to handle the processed inputs. Finally the experiment shows that compared to some existing popular methods, our method gets higher success rate of grasping for the original RGB-D cluttered scene.

http://ift.tt/2HTsRkz

Marc Lange: Because Without Cause: Non-causal Explanations in Science and Mathematics

http://ift.tt/2GMDWCE

Characterization of an Insecticidal Protein from Withania somnifera Against Lepidopteran and Hemipteran Pest

Abstract

Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins with wide array of functions including plant defense against pathogens and insect pests. In the present study, a putative mannose-binding lectin (WsMBP1) of 1124 bp was isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera. The gene was expressed in E. coli, and the recombinant WsMBP1 with a predicted molecular weight of 31 kDa was tested for its insecticidal properties against Hyblaea puera (Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae) and Probergrothius sanguinolens (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae). Delay in growth and metamorphosis, decreased larval body mass and increased mortality was recorded in recombinant WsMBP1-fed larvae. Histological studies on the midgut of lectin-treated insects showed disrupted and diffused secretory cells surrounding the gut lumen in larvae of H. puera and P. sanguinolens, implicating its role in disruption of the digestive process and nutrient assimilation in the studied insect pests. The present study indicates that WsMBP1 can act as a potential gene resource in future transformation programs for incorporating insect pest tolerance in susceptible plant genotypes.

http://ift.tt/2F1wSWA

Isolated iliopsoas paresis due to traumatic cortical hemorrhage

http://ift.tt/2Cqw7od

Duodenumerhaltende Pankreaskopfresektion bei chronischer Pankreatitis

Zusammenfassung

Die in Der Chirurg und The Lancet publizierten Daten nach einer Intention-to-treat-Analyse der Ergebnisse der Multicenter-ChroPac-Studie erlauben es nicht, die Empfehlung der Autoren zu unterstützen, die Whipple-Operation (PD) im Vergleich zur duodenumerhaltenden Pankreaskopfresektion (DEPKR) bei chronischer Pankreatitis (CP) vorzuziehen. Der Vergleich dreier unterschiedlicher Verfahren der DEPKR mit zwei verschiedenen PD-Operationen bewirkt eine erhebliche Heterogenität in der Zusammensetzung der Vergleichsgruppen. Nach der Randomisation wurden in der DEPKR-Gruppe 20 % der Patienten mit einem anderen Verfahren als duodenumerhaltende Kopfresektion operiert; in der PD-Gruppe sind es 13,5 %. Innerhalb der DEPKR-Gruppe wurde bei 83 % der DEPKR eine Coring-out-Technik angewandt und nur bei 17 % eine subtotale Kopfresektion. Eine erhebliche Heterogenität besteht auch im Vergleich der Verteilung der weit fortgeschrittenen chronischen Pankreatitis, die 90-mal in der DEPKR-Gruppe und 64-mal in der PD-Gruppe gelistet wurde. Die Feststellungen „CP-assoziierte Reoperation" und „Rehospitalisation" sind nicht durch Fakten belegt. Die Gleichwertigkeit von DEPKR und PD in Bezug auf postoperativ neu auftretenden Diabetes und exokrine Pankreasinsuffizienz beruht nicht auf gemessenen, sondern festgestellten Daten. Die Ergebnisse der bisher vorliegenden monozentrischen randomisierten kontrollierten Studien zum Vergleich DEPKR und PD bei chronischer Pankreatitis belegen die klinische Evidenz überzeugender als die ChroPac-Studie.

http://ift.tt/2CpqFBX

Charge-doping and chemical composition-driven magnetocrystalline anisotropy in CoPt core-shell alloy clusters

Abstract

Charge-doping together with 3d-4d alloying emerges as promising mechanisms for tailoring the magnetic properties of low-dimensional systems. Here, throughout ab initio calculations, we present a systematic overview regarding the impact of both electron(hole) charge-doping and chemical composition on the magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MA) of CoPt core-shell alloy clusters. By taking medium-sized Co_n Pt_m (N = n + m = 85) octahedral-like alloy nanoparticles for some illustrative core-sizes as examples, we found enhanced MA energies and large induced spin(orbital) moments in Pt-rich clusters. Moreover, depending on the Pt-core-size, both in-plane and off-plane directions of magnetization are observed. In general, the MA of these binary compounds further stabilizes upon charge-doping. In addition, in the clusters with small MA, the doping promotes magnetization switching. Insights into the microscopical origins of the MA behavior are associated to changes in the electronic structure of the clusters.

Graphical abstract

The magnetic properties of atomic-scale systems cannot be elucidated from their bulk counterparts. In particular, the magneto-crystallyne anisotropy energy (MAE), which arises mainly from the spin-orbit interactions is very sensitive to countless factors. The intricate behaviour comes from the interplay bounded by the strong chemical composition-dependence and the local environment. Here, we show that alloying together with charge-doping offers an appealing route for further tailoring the magnetic properties of cluster-alloys.

http://ift.tt/2FBrg2g

Involvement of Alveolar Macrophages and Neutrophils in Acute Lung Injury After Scorpion Envenomation: New Pharmacological Targets

Abstract

Androctonus australis hector (Aah) scorpion venom is well known to induce a systemic inflammatory response associated with cell infiltration in lung and edema formation. The present study investigate (i) in vivo the evolution of lung and systemic inflammation triggered by Aah venom and (ii) analyze in vitro the signaling cascade, upstream of inflammatory cytokine expression after Aah venom-stimulated mouse alveolar macrophage (MH-S), the main resident immune cells in the lung. The inflammation induced by Aah venom was assessed in mice through inflammatory cell count, nitric oxide metabolite, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in blood, concordantly with neutrophil sequestration in tissue and lung histology. In the in vitro study, MH-S cells are stimulated with Aah venom in the presence of signaling pathway inhibitors, NG25 an inhibitor of transforming growth factor β-activated kinase (TAK1), PD184352 MAP kinase (MKK)1/2 inhibitor, BI605906 an inhibitor of IKκ-β (inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B), and BIRB0796 an inhibitor of p38 MAPK. Obtained results showed that leukocyte transmigration is important in some area of the lung and is closely associated with systemic increase of nitric oxide and LDH. The in vitro study showed that Aah venom induce significantly an increase of the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and MIP-2 in MH-S cells. The pretreatment with inhibitors showed that cytokine increase involves TAK1, IKκ-β, and ERK1/2 pathways, similarly to Toll-like receptor activation. These findings highlight the contribution of alveolar macrophage and their secretory products to tissue damage and made of TAK1 and ERK1/2, an interesting target in scorpion envenomation.

http://ift.tt/2EZU6fS

The Global Spine Care Initiative: a systematic review for the assessment of spine-related complaints in populations with limited resources and in low- and middle-income communities

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this systematic literature review was to develop recommendations for the assessment of spine-related complaints in medically underserved areas with limited resources.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review and best evidence synthesis of guidelines on the assessment of spine-related complaints. Independent reviewers critically appraised eligible guidelines using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation-II criteria. Low risk of bias clinical practice guidelines was used to develop recommendations. In accordance with the mandate of the Global Spinal Care Initiative (GSCI), recommendations were selected that could be applied to medically underserved areas and low- and middle-income countries by considering the limited access and costs of diagnostic technologies.

Results

We screened 3069 citations; 20 guidelines were eligible for critical appraisal. We used 13 that had a low risk of bias that targeted neck and back pain.

Conclusions

When assessing patients with spine-related complaints in medically underserved areas and low- and middle-income countries, we recommend that clinicians should: (1) take a clinical history to determine signs or symptoms suggesting serious pathology (red flags) and psychological factors (yellow flags); (2) perform a physical examination (musculoskeletal and neurological); (3) do not routinely obtain diagnostic imaging; (4) obtain diagnostic imaging and/or laboratory tests when serious pathologies are suspected, and/or presence of progressive neurologic deficits, and/or disabling persistent pain; (5) do not perform electromyography or nerve conduction studies for diagnosis of intervertebral disc disease with radiculopathy; and (6) do not perform discography for the assessment of spinal disorders. This information can be used to inform the GSCI care pathway and model of care.

Graphical abstract

These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.

http://ift.tt/2t5WGeK

Potentialities of Six Plant Species on Phytoremediation Attempts of Fuel Oil-Contaminated Soils

Abstract

A field experiment investigating the phytoremediation potential of six plant species—Goosegrass (Eleusine indica), Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), Sessile joyweed (Alternanthera sessilis), Benghal dayflower (Commelina benghalensis), Lovanga (Cleome ciliata), and Chinese violet (Asystasia gangetica)—on soil contaminated with fuel oil (82.5 ml/kg of soil) have been conducted from March to August 2016. The experiments consider three modalities—Tn: unpolluted planted soils, To: unplanted polluted soils, and Tp: polluted planted soil—randomized arranged. Only three (E. indica, C. dactylon, and A. sessilis) of the six species survived while the others died 1 month after the beginning of experimentations. The relative growth indexes showed a strong similarity between the growth parameters of E. indica and C. dactylon, each on polluted and control soils, unlike A. sessilis. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) removal efficiency were 82.56, 80.69, and 77% on soil planted with E. indica, C. dactylon, and A. sessilis, respectively; and 57.25% on non-planted soil. According to the bioconcentration and translocation factors, E. indica and A. sessilis are involved on rhizodegradation and phytoextraction of hydrocarbons whereas C. dactylon is only involved into rhizodegradation. Overall, E. indica and C. dactylon out-yielded A. sessilis in the phytoremediation capacity of fuel oil-contaminated soils.

http://ift.tt/2FctN5d

Legacy Arsenic Pollution of Lakes Near Cobalt, Ontario, Canada: Arsenic in Lake Water and Sediment Remains Elevated Nearly a Century After Mining Activity Has Ceased

Abstract

Century old mine tailings in the Cobalt and Silver Center areas are widely dispersed throughout the terrestrial and aquatic environments and contain high concentrations of arsenic. Arsenic concentrations were found to be as high as 972 μg/L in surface waters and 10,800 mg/kg in lake sediment. The mean values for arsenic in surface waters and sediment from 9 lakes directly influenced by mining activity were 431 μg/L and 1704 mg/kg, respectively, whereas in the 12 control lakes with no mining activity in their catchment had mean values of 2.2 μg/L and 11 mg/kg in their water and sediment, respectively. Lakes impacted by downstream tailing migration (n = 4) were also assessed and had intermediate concentrations of arsenic. Principal component analysis identified contaminated lakes as having different geochemical signatures than control lakes but lake sediment that was sampled below tailings in contaminated lakes, deposited pre-mining, can resemble the geochemistry of those found in control lakes. Arsenic concentrations in these samples ranged from 4.4 to 185 mg/kg, which can be considered reasonable background as these areas contained abundant mineral deposits that could naturally elevate background concentrations. Even though background concentrations are naturally elevated, the presence of arsenic-rich tailings in these lakes has prevented any natural recovery from occurring. Fe-Mn oxides at the water-sediment interface perpetually scavenge arsenic from buried tailings below and from contaminated surface waters that cause arsenic concentrations to remain enriched in the upper sediments even after tailings have been buried by lake sediment. This process has prevented recovery of the lake ecosystems even after nearly a century without mining.

http://ift.tt/2COjT4C

Ultrasonographic evaluation of the second stage of labor. Predictive parameters for a successful vaginal delivery with or without neuraxial analgesia: a pilot study

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of the study was to evaluate the progression and rotation of the fetal head during the second stage of labor using translabial ultrasound and to compare ultrasonographic data obtained in nulliparous women both receiving and not receiving neuraxial analgesia.

Methods

The 49 patients enrolled in the study were divided into two groups according to receiving or not receiving neuraxial analgesia. Every half hour from full dilation to delivery, the ultrasonographic translabial parameters of Angle of Progression, Head Symphysis Distance, and Midline Angle were obtained and recorded by a single operator. Then, these records were compared between the two groups of patients.

Results

Patients that underwent neuraxial analgesia presented with increased duration of the second stage of labor, with mean values of Angle of Progression significantly higher and of Midline Angle significantly lower for each time interval studied compared to patients without analgesia. A borderline significant relationship was found between administration of neuraxial analgesia and Head Symphysis Distance.

Conclusions

In this study, we demonstrated that combined spinal–epidural analgesia influences the duration of the second stage of labor and the initial progression and rotation of the fetal head through the birth canal, but not the kind of delivery. A correlation between Angle of Progression values and success in the application of a vacuum has been reported by other authors and confirmed in our study.

http://ift.tt/2CNbD4X

A survey of ocular ultrasound abnormalities in horse: 145 cases

Abstract

Purpose

To describe the association of clinical and ultrasonographic (US) findings in horses affected by visual impairments, to estimate the most frequent ultrasonographic alteration as well importance and limits of US as a part of ophthalmic evaluation in equine patients.

Methods

One-hundred-forty-five horses referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospitals of the University of Perugia and Camerino for ocular problems were submitted to ophthalmic examination and ocular ultrasound. The following group of abnormalities was established: corneal alteration, cataract, synechiae, iris prolapse, anterior chamber alterations, vitreous opacities, globe reduction, globe enlargement, retinal detachment, lens subluxation/luxation, lens rupture, intraocular masses, retrobulbar masses. Specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive value and related 95% confidence interval were calculated. Kappa value was estimated for concordance evaluation.

Results

A total of 384 clinical alterations were observed during ophthalmological examination, while 357 were found by ultrasound investigation. A very good agreement was found for lens subluxation/luxation, intraocular masses, iris prolapse, globe enlargement, lens rupture, vitreous opacities and cataract. Moderate agreement was found for retinal detachment, anterior chamber alterations and synechiae. Corneal alteration and globe reduction resulted in a fair and poor agreement, respectively.

Conclusions

Ultrasonography affords the benefit of providing a complete cross-sectional view of the eyeball, facilitating the identification of ocular diseases in cases of loss of transparency of ocular media. It also represents an indispensable aid whenever anterior opacification precludes the use of ophthalmoscopic or biomicroscopic examination techniques.

http://ift.tt/2FdsJ1a

A preliminary molecular phylogeny shows Japanese and Austrian populations of the red mite Balaustium murorum (Acari: Trombidiformes: Erythraeidae) to be closely related

Abstract

The red mite Balaustium murorum (Hermann) inhabits the Western Palaearctic realm and is well adapted to man-made structures. In Japan, B. murorum had been reported more frequently after the 1980s. A molecular phylogeny based on the nuclear 18S rRNA and mitochondrial COI genes, and including B. murorum individuals from Japan and Austria and representatives of related species from Japan showed four Balaustium species-level lineages in Japan (B. murorum, Balaustium sp. 1, Balaustium sp. 2, Balaustium sp. 3). The B. murorum lineage shared identical 18S sequence and COI haplotype with the Austrian population. Balaustium sp. 1 was detected from the Tokyo and Misaki area (Honshu Island) and was the sister group to B. murorum; the other two lineages inhabited coastal environments of Erimo, Hokkaido Island (Balaustium sp. 2) and Ainan, Shikoku Island (Balaustium sp. 3). The high genetic distances among these four lineages indicate that each lineage is a distinct species, with three of the lineages representing undescribed species. Our results are compatible with the conclusion that B. murorum was introduced to Japan from Europe, although our study did not resolve the polarity or timing of migration events.

http://ift.tt/2CKhqYJ

Activating Autophagy as a Therapeutic Strategy for Parkinson’s Disease

Abstract

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by Lewy body pathology of which the primary constituent is aggregated misfolded alpha-synuclein protein. Currently, there are no clinical therapies for treatment of the underlying alpha-synuclein dysfunction and accumulation, and the standard of care for patients with Parkinson's disease focuses only on symptom management, creating an immense therapeutic gap that needs to be filled. Defects in autophagy have been strongly implicated in Parkinson's disease. Here, we review evidence from human, mouse, and cell culture studies to briefly explain these defects in autophagy in Parkinson's disease and the necessity for autophagy to be carefully and precisely tuned to maintain neuron survival. We summarize recent experimental agents for treating alpha-synuclein accumulation in α-synuclein Parkinson's disease and related synucleinopathies. Most of the efforts for developing experimental agents have focused on immunotherapeutic strategies, but we discuss why those efforts are misplaced. Finally, we emphasize why increasing autophagy flux for alpha-synuclein clearance is the most promising therapeutic strategy. Activating autophagy has been successful in preclinical models of Parkinson's disease and yields promising results in clinical trials.

http://ift.tt/2CLIYgx

A novel homozygous mutation in SZT2 gene in Saudi family with developmental delay, macrocephaly and epilepsy

Abstract

Epileptic encephalopathies are genetically heterogeneous disorders which leads to epilepsy and cause neurological disorders. Seizure threshold 2 (SZT2) gene located on chromosome 1p34.2 encodes protein mainly expressed predominantly in the parietal and frontal cortex and dorsal root ganglia in the brain. Previous studies in mice showed that mutation in this gene can confers low seizure threshold, enhance epileptogenesis and in human may leads to facial dysmorphism, intellectual disability, seizure and macrocephaly. Objective of this study was to find out novel gene or novel mutation related to the gene phenotype. We have identified a large consanguineous Saudi family segregating developmental delay, intellectual disability, epilepsy, high forehead and macrocephaly. Exome sequencing was performed in affected siblings of the family to study the novel mutation. Whole exome sequencing data analysis, confirmed by subsequent Sanger sequencing validation study. Our results showed a novel homozygous mutation (c.9368G>A) in a substitution of a conserved glycine residue into a glutamic acid in the exon 67 of SZT2 gene. The mutation was ruled out in 100 unrelated healthy controls. The missense variant has not yet been reported as pathogenic in literature or variant databases. In conclusion, the here detected homozygous SZT2 variant might be the causative mutation that further explain epilepsy and developmental delay in this Saudi family.

http://ift.tt/2F0JVUd

Robust Vibration Control and Angular Velocity Estimation of a Single-Axis MEMS Gyroscope Using Perturbation Compensation

Abstract

This paper discusses a perturbation compensation-based robust vibration controller for single-axis MEMS gyroscope applications. The purpose is to obtain a robust and stable operation mode of the gyroscope and improve its capability in estimating time-varying angular velocities. First, based on the force-balancing operation mode, an estimator is designed for real-time identification of input angular velocities. Next, to facilitate the angular velocity sensing, a control system is designed that comprises a nominal controller gathered with a perturbation compensator. In the perturbation compensation stage, a nonlinear extended state observer (NESO) is designed to estimate the perturbations due to parametric uncertainty, undesired couplings, Coriolis acceleration and mechanical-thermal noises. In the nominal control stage, by applying the internal model principle, an output regulator is developed. The outputs of both NESO and nominal regulator are combined to attain the robust vibration control of the gyroscope. The closed-loop stability and robustness are analytically proved through Lyapunov's direct method. To show the effectiveness of the proposed closed-loop operation mode, extensive numerical simulations are carried out by the experimental data of an inertial navigation system (INS).

http://ift.tt/2oEuUAa

Notes on powdery mildews (Erysiphales) in Thailand VI. Phyllactinia and Leveillula

Abstract

Nine species of the genus Phyllactinia and one species of Leveillula on various hosts are recorded for Thailand. Morphological descriptions of powdery mildew specimens on hosts belonging to nine plant families and molecular phylogenetic analyses based on ITS and 28S rRNA gene sequences are provided. Phyllactinia mori-macrourae on Morus macroura (Moraceae) is proposed as new species. Phyllactinia mori-macrourae differs from Ph. moricola by having smaller chasmothecia, less chasmothecial appendages, less asci per chasmothecium, and longer ascospores. Ovulariopsis broussonetiae-papyriferae is combined to Phyllactinia broussonetiae-papyriferae. Phyllactinia alangii, Ph. dalbergiae, Phyllactinia cf. ehretiae, Ph. gmelinae, Ph. moricola, Ph. pyri-serotinae, Ph. Terminaliae, and Leveillula taurica are new records for Thailand. Ehretia laevis and S. aculeatissimum are new host records for powdery mildews species worldwide.

http://ift.tt/2ov49Py

Different quality of treatment in retroperitoneal sarcomas (RPS) according to hospital-case volume and surgeon-case volume: a retrospective regional analysis in Italy

Abstract

Background

Retroperitoneal sarcomas (RPS) should be surgically managed in specialized sarcoma centers. However, it is not clearly demonstrated if clinical outcome is more influenced by Center Case Volume (CCV) or by Surgeon Case Volume (SCV). The aim of this study is to retrospectively explore the relationship between CCV and SCV and the quality of surgery in a wide region of Northern Italy.

Methods

We retrospectively collected data about patients M0 surgically treated for RPSs in 22 different hospitals from 2006 to 2011, dividing them in two hospital groups according to sarcoma clinical activity volume (HCV, high case volume or LCV, low case volume hospitals). The HCV group (> 100 sarcomas observed per year) included a Comprehensive Cancer Center (HVCCC) with a high sarcoma SCV (> 20 cases/year), and a Tertiary Academic Hospital (HVTCA) with multiple surgeon teams and a low sarcoma SCV (≤ 5 cases/year for each involved surgeon). All other hospitals were included in the LCV group (< 100 sarcomas observed per year).

Results

Data regarding 138 patients were collected. Patients coming from LCV hospitals (66) were excluded from the analysis as prognostic data were frequently not available. Among the 72 remaining cases of HCV hospitals 60% of cases had R0/R1 margins, with a more favorable distribution of R0/R1 versus R2 in HVCCC compared to HVTCA.

Conclusions

In HCV hospitals, sarcoma SCV may significantly influence RPS treatment quality. In low-volume centers surgical reports can often miss important prognostic issues and surgical quality is generally poor.

http://ift.tt/2CoNqWF

Baculovirus-Encoded MicroRNAs: A Brief Overview and Future Prospects

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs with ∼22 nucleotides, which are able to regulate various biological processes, including the viral life cycle and host–pathogen interactions. Long primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) are initially transcribed in nucleus, and subsequently processed by Dicer in cytoplasm to generate mature miRNAs. Baculoviruses consist of large, enveloped, insect-pathogenic viruses with a double-stranded circular DNA genome. Recent studies suggest that baculoviruses encode some miRNAs to manipulate expression regulation of host genes, whereas host modulate viral gene expression via miRNAs to limit viral infection. In the review, we will focus on the biogenesis and functions of miRNAs and the interactions between baculoviruses, insect, and miRNAs. It will be helpful to delve into the related mechanisms of BmNPV-encoded miRNAs that contribute to infection and pathogenesis.

http://ift.tt/2BUEgQQ

Process study, development and degradation behavior of different size scale electrospun poly(caprolactone) and poly(lactic acid) fibers

Abstract

This study describes the preparation of electrospun poly(caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) fibrous scaffolds with and without nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) having nanoscale, microscale and combined micro/nano (multiscale) architecture. Processing parameters such as polymer concentration, voltage, flow rate and solvent compositions were varied in wide range to display the effect of each one in determining the diameter and morphology of fibers. The effect of each regulating parameter on fiber morphology and diameter was evaluated and characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Degradability of the selected fibrous scaffolds was verified by phosphate buffered saline immersion and its morphology was analyzed through SEM, after 5 and 12 months. Quantitative measurement in degradation was further evaluated through pH analysis of the medium. Both studies revealed that PLA had faster degradation compared to PCL irrespective of the size scale nature of fibers. Structural stability evaluation of the degraded fibers in comparison with pristine fibers by thermogravimetric analysis further confirmed faster degradability of PLA compared to PCL fibers. The results indicate that PLA showed faster degradation than PCL irrespective of the size-scale nature of fibrous scaffolds, and therefore, could be applied in a variety of biomedical applications including tissue engineering.

http://ift.tt/2EYSRJA

Chemosensory cues of predators and competitors influence search for refuge in fruit by the coconut mite Aceria guerreronis

Abstract

Organisms are adapted to recognize environmental cues that can provide information about predation risk or competition. Non-vagrant eriophyoid mites mainly avoid predation by using habitats that are difficult for predators to access (galls or confined spaces in plants) such as the meristematic region of the coconut fruit, which is inhabited by the phytophagous mites Aceria guerreronis and Steneotarsonemus concavuscutum. The objective of this study was to investigate the response of A. guerreronis to cues from the predators Neoseiulus baraki and Amblyseius largoensis in coconut fruits, cues from conspecifics (A. guerreronis injured) and cues from the phytophage S. concavuscutum. The test was carried out through the release of about 300 A. guerreronis on coconut fruits previously treated with cues from predators, conspecific or heterospecific phytophagous. We also observed the walking behaviour of A. guerreronis exposed to the same chemical cues using a video tracking system. The infestation of fruits by A. guerreronis was greater in the presence of predator cues and reduced in the presence of S. concavuscutum cues, but cues from injured conspecifics did not interfere in the infestation process. In addition, the cues also altered the walking parameters of A. guerreronis: it walked more in response to cues from predators and the heterospecific phytophage. Aceria guerreronis spent more time in activity in the treatments with clues than in the control treatment. These results suggest that A. guerreronis recognizes cues from predators and competitors and modifies its behaviour to increase its fitness.

http://ift.tt/2CqaRz0

Tyraminergic modulation of agonistic outcomes in crayfish

Abstract

Octopamine, a biogenic amine, modulates various behaviors, ranging from locomotion and aggression to learning and memory in invertebrates. Several studies recently demonstrated that tyramine, the biological precursor of octopamine, also affects behaviors independent of octopamine. Here we investigated the involvement of tyramine in agonistic interaction of the male crayfish Procambarus clarkii. When male crayfish fight, larger animals (3–7% difference in body length) are more likely to win. By contrast, direct injection of tyramine or octopamine counteracted the physical advantage of larger animals. Tyramine or octopamine-injected naive large animals were mostly beaten by untreated smaller naive animals. This pharmacological effect was similar to the loser effect in which subordinate larger animals are frequently beaten by smaller animals. Furthermore, loser effects were partly eliminated by either injection of epinastine, an octopamine blocker, or yohimbine, a tyramine blocker, and significantly diminished by injection of a mixture of both blockers. We also observed that tyramine levels in the subesophageal ganglion were remarkably increased in subordinate crayfish after losing a fight. These results suggest that tyramine modulates aggressive levels of crayfish and contributes to the loser effect in parallel with octopamine.

http://ift.tt/2F9A4i5

Evaluation and optimization of pH - responsive niosomes as a carrier for efficient treatment of breast cancer

Abstract

Tamoxifen citrate (TXC) is commonly indicated to prevent cell multiplication and development of breast cancer. However, it is usually associated with limited activity and development of toxicity and resistance. This study aimed to describe an in situ pH-responsive niosomes as a carrier for localized and sustained delivery of TXC. The thin film hydration method was utilized to produce TXC niosomes using sorbitan monostearate and cholesterol of 1:1 Molar ratio. The produced formula displayed nano-spherical shape with entrapment efficiency (EE) of 88.90 ± 0.72% and drug release of 49.2 ± 1.51% within 8 h. This formula was incorporated into chitosan/glyceryl monooleate (CH/GMO) as a localized in situ pH-responsive hydrogel delivery system. Different formulae were produced by Design-Expert software based on user-defined response surface design utilizing different chitosan concentration (A) and GMO concentration (B) characterized for mean viscosity (R₂) and in vitro release studies (R₁). The results displayed that R₁ was significantly antagonistic with both of A and B while R₂ was significantly synergistic with both of them. The optimum formula was selected and capped with gold as an ideal candidate for computed tomography (CT) to evaluate the efficacy and tissue distribution of TXC utilizing Ehrlich carcinoma mice model. The optimum formula showed localized TXC in a tumour and consequently a significant anti-tumour efficacy compared with free TXC. Based on these outcomes, the novel in situ pH-responsive TXC-loaded noisome could be a promising formula for the efficient treatment of breast cancer.

http://ift.tt/2oBrOx4

Hyaluronic acid-modified betamethasone encapsulated polymeric nanoparticles: fabrication, characterisation, in vitro release kinetics, and dermal targeting

Abstract

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronically relapsing eczematous skin disease characterised by frequent episodes of rashes, severe flares, and inflammation. Till date, there is no absolute therapy for the treatment of AD; however, topical corticosteroids (TCs) are the majorly prescribed class of drugs for the management of AD in both adults and children. Though, topical route is most preferable; however, limited penetration of therapeutics across the startum cornum (SC) is one of the major challenges for scientists. Therefore, the present study was attempted to fabricate a moderate-potency TC, betamethasone valerate (BMV), in the form of chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) for optimum dermal targeting and improved penetration across the SC. To further improve the targeting efficiency of BMV and to potentiate its therapeutic efficacy, the fabricated BMV-CS-NPs were coated with hyaluronic acid (HA). The prepared NPs were characterised for particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), entrapment efficiency, loading capacity, crystallinity, thermal behaviour, morphology, in vitro release kinetics, drug permeation across the SC, and percentage of drug retained into various skin layers. Results showed that optimised HA-BMV-CS-NPs exhibited optimum physicochemical characteristics including finest particle size (< 300 ± 28 nm), higher zeta potential (+ 58 ± 8 mV), and high entrapment efficiency (86 ± 5.6%) and loading capacity (34 ± 7.2%). The in vitro release study revealed that HA-BMV-CS-NPs displayed Fickian diffusion-type mechanism of release in simulated skin surface (pH 5.5). Drug permeation efficiency of BMV was comparatively higher in case of BMV-CS-NPs; however, the amount of drug retained into the epidermis and the dermis was comparatively higher in case of HA-BMV-CS-NPs, compared to BMV-CS-NPs. Conclusively, we anticipate that HA-BMV-CS-NPs could be a promising nanodelivery system for efficient dermal targeting of BMV and improved anti-AD efficacy.

http://ift.tt/2CpLuNG

Identification of ortho -Substituted Benzoic Acid/Ester Derivatives via the Gas-Phase Neighboring Group Participation Effect in (+)-ESI High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

Benzoic acid/ester/amide derivatives are common moieties in pharmaceutical compounds and present a challenge in positional isomer identification by traditional tandem mass spectrometric analysis. A method is presented for exploiting the gas-phase neighboring group participation (NGP) effect to differentiate ortho-substituted benzoic acid/ester derivatives with high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS¹). Significant water/alcohol loss (>30% abundance in MS¹ spectra) was observed for ortho-substituted nucleophilic groups; these fragment peaks are not observable for the corresponding para and meta-substituted analogs. Experiments were also extended to the analysis of two intermediates in the synthesis of suvorexant (Belsomra) with additional analysis conducted with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), density functional theory (DFT), and ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) studies. Significant water/alcohol loss was also observed for 1-substituted 1, 2, 3-triazoles but not for the isomeric 2-substituted 1, 2, 3-triazole analogs. IMS-MS, NMR, and DFT studies were conducted to show that the preferred orientation of the 2-substituted triazole rotamer was away from the electrophilic center of the reaction, whereas the 1-subtituted triazole was oriented in close proximity to the center. Abundance of NGP product was determined to be a product of three factors: (1) proton affinity of the nucleophilic group; (2) steric impact of the nucleophile; and (3) proximity of the nucleophile to carboxylic acid/ester functional groups.

Graphical Abstract

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Theranostic nanoplatform based on polypyrrole nanoparticles for photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy

Abstract

Development of effective theranostic nanoplatforms against malignant tumor is still a challenge. With desirable near-infrared (NIR) light-responsive properties, polypyrrole nanoparticles (PPy NPs) are one of the promising theranostic candidates for cancer photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy. Here, PPy NPs with distinct sizes were prepared using a facile aqueous dispersion polymerization method. The formed PPy NPs are uniform in size with narrow size distribution. Characterization data show that PPy NPs with a diameter around 50 nm (P50) display stronger absorption in the NIR range compared to 40 and 60 nm PPy NPs, which further influences their photo-responsive properties. Due to their higher NIR absorption, P50 NPs have better photoacoustic imaging property and photothermal conversion ability than the other two kinds of PPy NPs. The photothermal stability of P50 NPs was proved to be excellent. The CCK-8 assays show that PPy NPs have obvious acute cytotoxicity within 6 h and desirable cytocompatibility for longer incubation time (12 and 24 h). After 6-h incubation, P50 NPs could be internalized by HeLa cells. Their photothermal tumor ablation effect was demonstrated under 808-nm laser irradiation. These findings may provide in-depth understanding of the PPy-based multifunctional nanomaterials for the development of theranostic systems against cancer.

http://ift.tt/2F10hMv

Biofilms Developed on Dental Implant Titanium Surfaces with Different Roughness: Comparison Between In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

Abstract

Microbial biofilms developed on dental implants play a major role in perimplantitis' pathogenesis. Many studies have indicated that surface roughness is the main feature favoring biofilm development in vitro, but its actual influence in vivo has still to be confirmed. In this study, the amount of biofilm formed on differently treated titanium surfaces, showing distinct roughness, has been examined both in vivo and in vitro by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. In vitro studies availed of biofilm developed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa or by salivary bacteria from volunteer donors. In vivo biofilm production was obtained by exposing titanium discs to the oral cavity of healthy volunteers. In vitro experiments showed that P. aeruginosa and, to a lesser extent, salivary bacteria produce more biomass and develop thicker biofilms on laser-treated and sandblasted titanium surfaces with respect to machined ones. In vivo experiments confirmed that bacterial colonization starts on sites of surface unevenness, but failed to disclose biomass differences among biofilms formed on surfaces with different roughness. Our study revealed that biofilm developed in vitro is more easily influenced by surface features than biofilm formed by complex communities in the mouth, where the cooperation of a variety of bacterial species and the presence of a wide range of nutrients and conditions allow bacteria to optimize substrate colonization. Therefore, quantitative differences observed in vitro among surfaces with different characteristics may not be predictive of different colonization rates in vivo.

http://ift.tt/2ougLGM

Mechanisms of antifreeze proteins investigated via the site-directed spin labeling technique

Abstract

The site-directed spin labeling (SDSL) technique was used to examine the antifreeze mechanisms of type-I antifreeze proteins (AFPs). The effects on the growth of seed ice crystals by the spin-label groups attached to different side chains of the AFPs were observed, and the states of water molecules surrounding the spin-label groups were probed via analyses of variable-temperature (VT) dependent electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra. The first set of experiments revealed the antifreeze activities of the spin-labeled AFPs at the microscopic level, while the second set of experiments displayed those at the molecular level. The experimental results confirmed the putative ice-binding surface (IBS) of type-I AFPs. The VT EPR spectra indicate that type-I AFPs can inhibit the nucleation of seed ice crystals down to ~ − 20 °C in their aqueous solutions. Thus, the present authors believe that AFPs protect organisms from freezing damage in two ways: (1) inhibiting the nucleation of seed ice crystals, and (2) hindering the growth of seed ice crystals once they have formed. The first mechanism should play a more significant role in protecting against freezing damage among organisms living in cold environments. The VT EPR spectra also revealed that liquid-like water molecules existed around the spin-labeled non-ice-binding side chains of the AFPs frozen within the ice matrices, and ice surrounding the spin-label groups melted at subzero temperatures during the heating process. This manuscript concludes with the proposed model of antifreeze mechanisms of AFPs based on the experimental results.

http://ift.tt/2EXyYXw

A Novel Plasma-Based Fluid for Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV): In-Vitro Feasibility Study of Flow Diverter Effects in Aneurysm Model

Abstract

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is a commonly used method for in vitro investigation of fluid dynamics in biomedical devices, such as flow diverters for intracranial aneurysm treatment. Since it is limited to transparent blood substituting fluids like water-glycerol mixture, the influence of coagulation and platelet aggregation is neglected. We aimed at the development and the application of a modified platelet rich plasma as a new PIV fluid with blood-like rheological and coagulation properties. In standardized intracranial aneurysm silicone models, the effect of this new PIV plasma on the fluid dynamics before and after flow diverter implantation was evaluated and compared with water-glycerol measurements. The flow diverting effect was strongly dependent on the used fluid, with considerably lower velocities achieved using PIV plasma, despite the same starting viscosity of both fluids. Moreover, triggering coagulation of PIV plasma allowed for intra-aneurysmal clot formation. We presented the first in vitro PIV investigation using a non-Newtonian, clottable PIV plasma, demonstrating a mismatch to a standard PIV fluid and allowing for thrombus formation.

http://ift.tt/2CMXwfL

Outcomes and complications of surgery in patients with intermediate-risk neuroblastoma: experience from an Indian tertiary Cancer Centre

Abstract

Purpose

The treatment of intermediate risk (IR) neuroblastoma has evolved with the focus now on reducing the drugs, dosage, and duration of chemotherapy. The aim of this study is to present the outcomes of treatment and the complications of surgery in patients with IR neuroblastoma treated at a tertiary cancer center in India.

Methods

All eligible patients with IR neuroblastoma treated between April 2005 and August 2016 were identified. The presence and number of image-defined risk factors (IDRF) before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy were retrospectively analyzed as were the extent of surgery, complications, and outcomes.

Results

Of 282 neuroblastoma patients treated during the study period, 54 had IR neuroblastoma. Complete excision was achieved in 25 patients. There were 26 surgical complications in 22 patients with a similar incidence in patients with complete (n = 13) or incomplete (n = 13) resection (p = 0.78). After a median follow-up of 47 months, the 4-year overall and event-free survival was 91.5% and 75%, respectively. There was no difference in survival between patients who underwent complete resection versus those with incomplete resection (p = 0.9).

Conclusion

Outcomes of IR neuroblastoma are favorable. The extent of resection does not affect the survival and complications can occur even when the resection is incomplete.

http://ift.tt/2ovsTam

Anti-herpetic Medications and Reduced Risk of Dementia in Patients with Herpes Simplex Virus Infections—a Nationwide, Population-Based Cohort Study in Taiwan

Abstract

This retrospective cohort study is to investigate the association between herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections and dementia, and the effects of anti-herpetic medications on the risk involved, using Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). We enrolled a total of 33,448 subjects, and identified 8362 with newly diagnosed HSV infections and 25,086 randomly selected sex- and age-matched controls without HSV infections in a ratio of 1:3, selected from January 1, to December 31, 2000. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to evaluate the risk of developing dementia in the HSV cohort. This analysis revealed an adjusted hazard ratio of 2.564 (95% CI: 2.351-2.795, P < 0.001) for the development of dementia in the HSV-infected cohort relative to the non-HSV cohort. Thus, patients with HSV infections may have a 2.56-fold increased risk of developing dementia. A risk reduction of dementia development in patients affected by HSV infections was found upon treatment with anti-herpetic medications (adjusted HR = 0.092 [95% CI 0.079-0.108], P < 0.001). The usage of anti-herpetic medications in the treatment of HSV infections was associated with a decreased risk of dementia. These findings could be a signal to clinicians caring for patients with HSV infections. Further research is, therefore, necessary to explore the underlying mechanism(s) of these associations.

http://ift.tt/2BXAuWC

Targeted 5-HT 1F Therapies for Migraine

Abstract

Migraine is a common neurological disease characterised by the presence of attacks of unilateral, severe head pain accompanied by other symptoms. Although it has been classified as the sixth most disabling disorder, the available therapeutic options to treat this condition have not progressed accordingly. The advance in the development of 5-HT₁ receptor agonists for migraine, including 5-HT_1B/D and 5-HT_1F receptor agonists, has meant a major step forward towards the progression of a better treatment for migraine. Triptans have a limited efficacy, and their effect on vasoconstriction makes them unsafe for patients with cardiovascular and/or cerebrovascular diseases. Therefore, novel effective antimigraine treatments without cardiovascular effects are required, such as selective 5-HT_1F receptor agonists (ditans). Lasmiditan has much higher affinity for the 5-HT_1F receptor than for the vasoconstrictor 5-HT_1B receptor. This has been confirmed in preclinical studies performed to date, where lasmiditan showed no effect on vasoconstriction, and in clinical trials, where healthy individuals and patients did not report cardiac events due to treatment with lasmiditan, although it should be confirmed in larger cohorts. Lasmiditan crosses the blood-brain barrier and may act both centrally and peripherally on 5-HT_1F receptors expressed on trigeminal neurons. It is a well-tolerated compound that does not induce major adverse events. Although ongoing phase III clinical trials are needed to confirm its efficacy and safety, lasmiditan might offer an alternative to treat acute migraine with no associated cardiovascular risk. This review will focus on the characterisation of 5-HT₁ receptor agonists and their effects as migraine therapies.

http://ift.tt/2EZsffq

In reply

http://ift.tt/2Cqey7T

Ultrasound versus fiberscope-guided tracheal intubation

http://ift.tt/2sVZD1m

Cystic Lung Disease from Protein Deposition: Pathogenesis and Associated Conditions

Abstract

Purpose of Review

We explicate the development of cystic lung disease from the deposition of protein in the lung. The protein may be in the form of amyloid or non-amyloid (typically immunoglobulin-associated light chains) and is usually seen in the context of three entities: idiopathic light-chain deposition disease, Sjogren's syndrome, and clonal lymphoplasmacytic proliferative disorders. A commonly observed and distinctive feature of the circumscribed cystic spaces is the presence of internal tissue septations.

Recent Findings

The traditional causal association of lung cysts and the pathologic entity of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis is untenable. Instead, the development of cysts as a consequence of the degradation of lung extracellular matrix by metalloproteinases, the process initiated with the accumulation of macrophages around deposited protein, is a compelling alternative explanation.

Summary

Lung cysts may be a consequence of parenchymal protein deposition. When internal septations are present, this particular pathogenesis should explicitly be considered, and the presence of associated clinical disorders further pursued.

http://ift.tt/2GNv9jV

Thoracic Infections in Immunocompromised Patients

Abstract

Purpose of Review

The purpose of this review is to summarize the imaging findings of thoracic infections occurring in immunocompromised patients. Lung infection remains one of the most common complications in immunocompromised patients and is one of the major contributors to morbidity and mortality. Imaging examinations are frequently performed in immunocompromised patients suspected of having chest infection. This review primarily illustrates the CT findings of lung infection. Early detection is important because these patients can rapidly develop fulminant disease.

Recent Findings

The imaging findings of a variety of pulmonary infections have been described, and it is well recognized that there is significant overlap of imaging findings across a variety of infections. However, the presence or absence of certain findings can favor one type of infection over another, especially when clinical factors are taken into consideration.

Summary

Radiologists play a central role in identifying chest infections in immunocompromised patients. Knowledge of the association between specific infections and specific types of immunodeficiency can aid the radiologist in providing a focused differential diagnosis. Furthermore, knowledge of noninfectious complications such as drug reaction or neoplasm can help guide patient management.

http://ift.tt/2HQGG3x

BRAF and MEK Inhibitors: Use and Resistance in BRAF-Mutated Cancers

Abstract

The mitogen activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-related kinase (MAPK/ERK) signaling pathway serves an integral role in growth, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival of all mammalian cells. Aberrant signaling of this pathway is often observed in several types of hematologic and solid malignancies. The most frequent insult to this signaling cascade, leading to its constitutive activation, is to the serine/threonine kinase rapidly accelerating fibrosarcoma (RAF). Considering this, the development and approval of various small-molecule inhibitors targeting the MAPK/ERK pathway has become a mainstay of treatment as either mono- or combination therapy in these cancers. Although effective initially, a major clinical barrier with these inhibitors is the relapse of patients due to drug resistance. Knowledge of the mechanisms of resistance to these drugs is still premature, highlighting the need for a more in-depth understanding of how patients become insensitive to these pharmacologic interventions. Herein, we will succinctly summarize the milestones in the approval of select MAPK/ERK pathway inhibitors, their use in patients, and major modes of resistance.

http://ift.tt/2GOwpDJ

Inhalte einer wöchentlichen viszeralchirurgischen Morbiditäts- und Mortalitätsbesprechung

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Obwohl regelmäßige Morbiditäts- und Mortalitäts(M&M)-Konferenzen in chirurgischen Kliniken als Instrument der Qualitätsverbesserung empfohlen werden, gibt es in der deutschsprachigen Literatur bisher keine Publikationen, welche die Inhalte dieser Besprechungen im Detail beschreiben.

Fragestellung

Die Inhalte einer strukturierten wöchentlichen M&M-Konferenz einer Abteilung für Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie sollten detailliert beschrieben und die Bedeutung der Konferenz für Qualität und Patientensicherheit eingeschätzt werden.

Material und Methode

Die Daten der M&M-Konferenz der Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie wurden prospektiv dokumentiert. Neben epidemiologischen Daten wurden Diagnosen, Operationen, Komplikationen und der weitere Verlauf der Patienten erfasst. Art (lokal-chirurgisch oder allgemein) und Schweregrad (I–V nach Clavien-Dindo) wurden analysiert.

Ergebnisse

Vom 01.01.2010 bis 31.12.2014 wurden 761 von 11.470 behandelten Patienten im Durchschnittsalter von 62,2 (15,9) Jahren in der M&M-Konferenz besprochen. 39,4 % der M&M-Patienten waren Frauen. 88,9 % der Patienten hatten lokal-chirurgische Komplikationen erlitten und 28,9 % allgemeine Komplikationen. 91 M&M-Patienten (12,0 %) waren verstorben. Die Schweregrade der besprochenen Komplikationen verteilten sich nach Clavien-Dindo wie folgt: I: 27,9 %, II: 10,5 %, III: 37,7 %, IV: 12 % und V: 12,0 %. Lokal-chirurgische Komplikationen traten vor allem in den Klassen Clavien-Dindo I (30,0 %) und III (40,9 %) auf, allgemeine Komplikationen dagegen in den Klassen Clavien-Dindo IV (29,6 %) und V (34,6 %). Wundheilungsstörungen (41 %), pulmonale Komplikationen (16,6 %), Anastomoseninsuffizienzen (15,6 %), septische (8,9 %) und kardiale (8,0 %) Komplikationen wurden am häufigsten besprochen. Kardiale, pulmonale und septische Komplikationen waren bei verstorbenen M&M-Patienten die wesentlichen Komplikationen.

Diskussion

Die M&M-Konferenz bildet das „Komplikationsprofil" jeder chirurgischen Abteilung ab. Je nach Fachgebiet und Schwerpunkten der Abteilung variieren die Inhalte der M&M-Konferenz. Die Analyse der Inhalte der M&M-Konferenz erlaubt gezielte Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung von Qualität und Patientensicherheit.

http://ift.tt/2FBkGsq

Kinetin improves motility, viability and antioxidative parameters of ram semen during storage at refrigerator temperature

Abstract

The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of kinetin on ram semen quality during cold storage. Ejaculates were collected using an artificial vagina from five Qezel rams. Ejaculates which met the criteria (volume of 0.75–2 ml; minimum spermatozoa concentration of 2.5 × 109 spermatozoa/ml and forward progressive motility of 80%), were pooled, diluted with extender without kinetin (control) or enriched with 25 (K 25), 50 (K 50), 100 (K 100) and 200 (K 200) μM kinetin at a final concentration of 500 × 106 spermatozoa per mL. Spermatozoa motion characteristics were evaluated by computer-assisted sperm analysis. In addition, percent of viability (spermatozoa showing no color was considered to be alive) and spermatozoa with intact plasma membrane (spermatozoa with curled/swollen tail was considered healthy) were determined. Moreover, amounts of malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant activity (AOA), nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were determined in the seminal plasma and spermatozoa at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h of storage. Higher percent of total and forward progressive motility was observed in K 25, K 50 and K 100 groups compared to control group at 72 h of storage (P < 0.001). Moreover, K 25 (78.61 ± 1.11%), K 50 (82.46 ± 1.08%) and K 100 (82.96 ± 1.49%) groups showed higher percentage of viability compared to control (72.38 ± 1.49%) at 72 h of storage (P < 0.05). Semen enrichment with kinetin resulted in the higher percent of intact plasma membrane of spermatozoa at 48 and 72 h (P < 0.001). Amounts of MDA were lower and amounts of AOA were higher in K 50 and K 100 groups compared to control at 48 and 72 h (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in NO levels and SOD activities of seminal plasma and spermatozoa among groups during the experiment. The present experiment revealed that kinetin at proper concentration could enhances spermatozoa kinematics, viability, spermatozoa plasma membrane functionality and amounts of AOA and reduces the level of lipid peroxidation during chilled storage of ram semen.

http://ift.tt/2HQvnID

Does local factors alter discharge times after surgery?

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Role of PET/MRI in oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers based on the 8th edition of the AJCC cancer staging system: a pictorial essay

Abstract

The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) released the 8th edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual in 2017 that includes significant modifications from the 7th edition in the sections on oral cavity cancer (OCC) and oropharyngeal cancer (OPC). These highlights comprise the incorporation of the depth of invasion and exclusion of extrinsic tongue muscle involvement in the T staging of OCC, the separation of OPC staging based on the high-risk human papilloma virus status, and the inclusion of extranodal extension in N staging. The recent introduction of integrated positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) with 2-[¹⁸F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (¹⁸F-FDG) has demonstrated the advantages of simultaneous PET and MR imaging with higher soft-tissue contrast, multiplanar image acquisition, and functional imaging capability. This pictorial essay discusses the role of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/MRI in the diagnosis of OCC and OPC based on the new cancer staging system.

http://ift.tt/2EWF2PS

The Role of Calcium in Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells to Adipocytes

Abstract

Differentiation process of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into adipocyte is involved in obesity. Multiple factors such as Ca²⁺ play important roles in different stages of this process. Because of the complicated roles of Ca²⁺ in adipogenesis, the aim of present investigation was to study the influx and efflux of Ca²⁺ into and out of the cells during adipogenesis. Adipose-derived MSCs were used to differentiate into adipocytes. MSCs were exposed to 2.5 mM Ca²⁺ or 1.8 mM Ca²⁺ plus calcium ionophore, A23187, for 3 days. Lipid staining, triglycerides (TG) content, and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity were evaluated to confirm the efficiency of the differentiation. Gene expression of GLUT4, PPARγ2, RAR-α, and calreticulin, as well as the protein levels of GLUT4 and PPARγ2 were determined. Ca²⁺ and in particular Ca²⁺ plus A23187 significantly lowered the efficiency of differentiation accompanied by decrease in intracellular TG deposits, GAPDH activity and alleviation of gene, and protein levels of GLUT4 and PPARγ2. While calreticulin and RAR-α were remarkably upregulated in A23187 group. This study showed the inhibitory effects of calcium in adipogenesis. Additionally, it indicated the greater inhibitory effect of calreticulin and RAR-α in controlling adipogenesis by higher levels of calcium.

http://ift.tt/2EX4btW