Medicine by Alexandros G. Sfakianakis: alcohol

Soc Sci Med. 2019 Feb 13;228:135-141. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.02.016. [Epub ahead of print]

Secondary effects of myPlaybook on college athletes' avoidance of drinking games or pregaming as a protective behavior strategy: A multisite randomized controlled study.

Zamboanga BL1, Merrill JE2, Olthuis JV3, Milroy JJ4, Sokolovsky AW2, Wyrick DL4.

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Abstract

RATIONALE:

Student-athletes are at risk for engaging in drinking games and pregaming. Research suggests that brief motivational and alcohol education intervention approaches designed to reduce harmful drinking behaviors may not be effective in lowering students' participation in drinking games or pregaming.

METHOD:

We evaluated the effects of myPlaybook (a student-athlete-specific web-based alcohol intervention) on student-athletes' avoidance of drinking games and pregaming over a 4-month period. Seventy-three NCAA member institutions were randomly assigned to the treatment condition or a no-intervention control. Student-athletes at these schools (N = 2449) completed assessments at baseline, 1-, and 4-months post-intervention. At each assessment, participants indicated how often they used each of several harm prevention strategies when they drank in the past month including "avoided drinking games" and "avoided drinking before going out (i.e., pregaming or pre-drinking)."

RESULTS:

Controlling for gender and race/ethnicity, treatment condition was not associated with change in avoidance of drinking games and pregaming between baseline and either follow-up. Athletic season did not moderate treatment effects on avoidance of either behavior. We found no evidence that myPlaybook, a general alcohol-reduction intervention, is efficacious in influencing student-athletes' avoidance of drinking games or pregaming as a protective strategy.

CONCLUSIONS:

Findings from the present study as well as other research suggest that general alcohol-focused interventions may not have secondary effects on reducing students' participation in drinking games and pregaming and as such, more specific targeted interventions should be investigated.

KEYWORDS:

Alcohol; Athletes; Drinking games; Intervention; Pre-drinking; Pregaming; Prepartying

PMID: 30909157 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.02.016

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Cancer Epidemiol. 2019 Mar 22;60:51-54. doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2019.03.009. [Epub ahead of print]

LDCT lung cancer screening eligibility and use of CT scans for lung cancer among sexual minorities.

Veliz P1, Matthews AK2, Arslanian-Engoren C3, Evans-Polce RJ3, Lee JGL4, Boyd CJ5, Hughes T6, McCabe VV7, McCabe SE8.

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

To compare eligibility for lung cancer screening and receipt of a CT scan for lung cancer among sexual minorities.

METHODS:

Secondary data analysis of cross-sectional data from older U.S. adults in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey during the 2017 cycle (n = 20,685).

RESULTS:

Rates of eligibility for low-dose helical computed tomography (LDCT) were roughly twice as high among sexual minorities than among heterosexuals (21.1% vs. 11.7%). The odds of gay men and lesbian women indicating eligibility for LDCT screening were four to five times higher when compared to their heterosexual peers. No statistically significant differences were found between sexual minorities and heterosexuals with respect to having a CT scan for lung cancer in the past year.

CONCLUSIONS:

There are potential sexual-identity-related disparities in the utilization of lung cancer screening among eligible smokers. Interventions are needed to increase awareness and uptake of lung cancer screening in order to detect and manage this common form of cancer in the U.S.

KEYWORDS:

Lung cancer; Screening; Sexual minorities

PMID: 30909153 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2019.03.009

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Addict Behav. 2019 Mar 5;95:129-137. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.03.002. [Epub ahead of print]

Process for developing a culturally informed brief motivational intervention.

Field C1, Oviedo Ramirez S2, Juarez P2, Castro Y3.

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Abstract

The present study culturally enhances a standard brief intervention for alcohol use. Through an iterative process engaging key stakeholders; including patients, and expert consultants, this research sought to enhance current evidence based interventions. Five culturally informed enhancements consistent with Motivational Interviewing were introduced into standard brief interventions. These culturally informed enhancements can be refined to address the cultural risk and protective factors of other priority populations. The distinctions and advantages of this approach over prior cultural adapted interventions is discussed. Importantly, the present study outlines a process for refining the culturally informed brief intervention to other target populations.

Published by Elsevier Ltd.

KEYWORDS:

Alcohol; Brief intervention; Cultural adaptation; Latinos

PMID: 30909079 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.03.002

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Epilepsy Behav. 2019 Mar 22;94:131-136. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.02.032. [Epub ahead of print]

BDNF and COMT, but not APOE, alleles are associated with psychiatric symptoms in refractory epilepsy.

Doherty C1, Hogue O2, Floden DP3, Altemus JB4, Najm IM5, Eng C6, Busch RM7.

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

The objective of this study was to determine whether three common genetic polymorphisms [apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 (rs42938 and rs7412), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Met (rs6265), and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val (rs4680)] are associated with increased psychiatric symptomatology in individuals with pharmacoresistant epilepsy.

METHODS:

One hundred forty-eight adults (Mage = 38 years; 53% female) with refractory epilepsy completed self-report measures of mood, anxiety, and/or personality/psychopathology. Mann-Whitney U, t-tests, and Fisher's exact tests were used to determine if APOE4, BDNF Val66Met, or COMT Val158Met are associated with increased psychiatric symptomatology in people with epilepsy.

RESULTS:

As a group, BDNF Met carriers reported greater symptoms of depression on the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) than those without a Met allele (p = 0.004); COMT Val carriers reported greater symptoms on the PAI Schizophrenia (p = 0.007), Antisocial Features (p = 0.04), and Alcohol Problems (p = 0.03) scales than noncarriers. On the individual level, a significantly greater proportion of BDNF Met carriers demonstrated elevated PAI Depression scores compared to those without a Met allele (p = 0.046). There was also a larger proportion of COMT Val carriers with elevated PAI Anxiety scores as compared to those without a Val allele (p = 0.036).

SIGNIFICANCE:

This retrospective cross-sectional study provides preliminary evidence for a genetic basis of psychiatric comorbidities in epilepsy and suggests that BDNF and COMT may play an important role in the pathophysiology of mental health problems in this vulnerable population.

KEYWORDS:

Depression; Epilepsy; Genetic association; Neuropsychology; Psychiatric comorbidities; Seizures

PMID: 30909076 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.02.032

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Sci Total Environ. 2019 Mar 20;670:555-568. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.261. [Epub ahead of print]

An insight into toxicity and human-health-related adverse consequences of cosmeceuticals - A review.

Bilal M1, Iqbal HMN2.

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Abstract

In recent years, the use of cosmeceutical-based personal care and beauty products has ever increased, around the world. Currently, an increasing number of compounds are being assimilated in the formulation of cosmetic products as preservatives, fragrances, surfactants, etc. to intensify the performance, quality, value, and lifespan of cosmetics. Nevertheless, many of these chemical additives pose toxic effects to the human body, exhibiting health risks from a mild hypersensitivity to life-threatening anaphylaxis or lethal intoxication. Therefore, the indiscriminate application of cosmeceuticals has recently become a mounting issue confronting public health. The present review focuses on exposure to a large variety of toxic substances used in cosmetic formulations such as 1,4-dioxane formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, benzalkonium chloride, imidazolidinyl urea, diazolidinyl urea, trace heavy metals, parabens derivatives, phthalates, isothiazolinone derivatives (methylchloroiso-thiazolinone, and methylisothiazolinone), methyldibromo glutaronitrile, and phenoxy-ethanol. The biological risks related to these substances that they can pose to human health in terms of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, neurotoxicity oestrogenicity or others are also discussed. Researchers from academia, consultancy firms, governmental organizations, and cosmetic companies should carry out further progress to keep updating the consumers regarding the dark-sides, and health-related harmful apprehensions of cosmetics. In addition, the industry-motivated initiatives to abate environmental impact through green, sustainable and eco-friendly product development grasp significant perspective.

KEYWORDS:

Adverse effects; Biological risks; Chronic diseases; Cosmetics; Hazardous compounds; Human health; Toxicity

PMID: 30909033 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.261

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Select item 30909019

Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019 Mar 14;198:121-125. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.042. [Epub ahead of print]

Unintentional drug overdose deaths involving cocaine among middle-aged and older adults in New York City.

Han BH1, Tuazon E2, Kunins HV2, Mantha S2, Paone D2.

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Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Cocaine is commonly involved in unintentional drug poisoning (overdose) deaths, accounting for 46% of overdose deaths in New York City (NYC) in 2016. However, little research exists regarding cocaine use by middle-aged and older adults, who are more likely than younger individuals to have underlying cardiovascular disease (CVD) and therefore, may be at increased risk for the adverse health consequences of cocaine.

METHODS:

We conducted a retrospective analysis of unintentional drug overdose deaths of middle-aged and older NYC residents age 45-84 from 2000 to 2016 using two linked sources, NYC death certificates and toxicology results from the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner.

RESULTS:

From 2000 to 2016, there were 6061 unintentional drug overdose deaths among New Yorkers age 45-84. Of those, cocaine was involved in 53% (n = 3183). Co-occurring opioid involvement (fentanyl, heroin, methadone, or opioid analgesics) among deaths involving cocaine was common (58%). Compared to decedents of non-cocaine involved overdose, decedents of cocaine-involved overdose were more likely to be male and non-Latino Black. Multivariable analysis showed that adults age 45-54 (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.34, 95% 1.05, 1.70), males (AOR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.15, 1.46), Bronx residence (AOR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.08, 1.54), and non-Latino black race/ethnicity (AOR = 2.37, 95% CI 2.07, 2.72) were independently associated with cocaine-involved overdose.

CONCLUSION:

Characteristics of decedents of cocaine-involved overdose overlap with populations with high CVD burden in NYC. Studies are needed to better understand the risks of cocaine among adults with underlying CVD.

KEYWORDS:

Cocaine; Middle-aged; Older adults; Overdose

PMID: 30909019 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.042

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Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019 Mar 18;198:116-120. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.045. [Epub ahead of print]

Trends in fentanyl and fentanyl analogue-related overdose deaths - Montgomery County, Ohio, 2015-2017.

Daniulaityte R1, Juhascik MP2, Strayer KE3, Sizemore IE3, Zatreh M4, Nahhas RW5, Harshbarger KE2, Antonides HM2, Martins SS6, Carlson RG4.

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Abstract

INTRODUCTION:

There is a lack of information on illicitly manufactured fentanyl and fentanyl analogue-related (IMF) unintentional overdose death trends over time. The study analyzes IMF-related unintentional overdose fatalities that occurred between July 2015 and June 2017 in Montgomery County, Ohio, an area with the highest rates of unintentional overdose mortality in Ohio.

METHODS:

LC-MS/MS-based method was used to identify fentanyl analogs and metabolites in 724 unintentional overdose death cases. The Chi-square statistic was used to assess differences over time in demographic and drug-related characteristics.

RESULTS:

The number of unintentional overdose death cases testing positive for IMFs increased by 377% between second half of 2015 and first half of 2017. The majority of decedents were white (82.5%) and male (67.8%). The proportion of fentanyl-only (no other analogs) cases declined from 89.2%-24.6% (p < 0.001), while proportion of fentanyl analogue-containing cases increased from 9.8%-70.3% (p < 0.001) between the second half of 2015 and first half of 2017. The most commonly identified fentanyl analogs were carfentanil (29.7%), furanyl fentanyl (14.1%) and acryl fentanyl (10.2%). Proportion of IMF cases also testing positive for heroin declined from 21.6% to 5.4% (p < 0.001), while methamphetamine positive cases increased from 1.4%-17.8% (p < 0.001) over the same time period.

DISCUSSION:

Emergence of fentanyl analogs contributed to substantial increases in unintentional overdose deaths. The data indicate a growing overlap between the IMF and methamphetamine outbreaks. Continuous monitoring of local IMF trends and rapid information dissemination to active users are needed to reduce the risks associated with IMF use.

KEYWORDS:

Carfentanil; Fentanyl; Fentanyl analogs; Illicitly manufactured fentanyl; Ohio; Unintentional overdose deaths

PMID: 30909018 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.045

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Aust N Z J Public Health. 2019 Mar 25. doi: 10.1111/1753-6405.12884. [Epub ahead of print]

A systematic review of evaluations of prison-based alcohol and other drug use behavioural treatment for men.

Doyle MF1, Shakeshaft A2, Guthrie J3, Snijder M2, Butler T4.

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

A history of alcohol and other drug (AoD) use is common among men entering prison and often linked to the crime for which they are imprisoned. This is the first systematic review of prison-based, behavioural AoD treatment programs for more than a decade and the first that reviews the methodological quality of evaluations. This review aims to create an understanding of the quality of research in this field and identify the most effective AoD use treatment for men in prison.

METHODS:

A PRISMA-compliant systematic review of international, peer-reviewed research published between January 1995 and December 2015. The Dictionary for Effective Public Health Practice Project was used to assess the methodological quality of papers.

RESULTS:

A total of 25 relevant papers were identified, of which 12 were rated as methodologically sound. Four of these measured post-release AoD use and three reported statistically significant reductions in AoD use.

CONCLUSIONS:

Although there is relatively little methodologically strong evidence of the impact of prison-based AoD treatment, and no Australian papers studies, current best-evidence practice is Cognitive behavioural therapy delivered in Therapeutic Community (TC) settings. Implications for public health: Prison-based TC treatment should be available to people in prison who have a history of AoD use.

KEYWORDS:

Prison; alcohol abuse; drug abuse; systematic review; treatment evaluation

PMID: 30908856 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12884

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J Res Adolesc. 2019 Mar 25. doi: 10.1111/jora.12494. [Epub ahead of print]

Adolescent Social Norms and Alcohol Use: Separating Between- and Within-Person Associations to Test Reciprocal Determinism.

Meisel SN1, Colder CR1.

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Abstract

Despite perceived drinking norms being robust predictors of adolescent alcohol use, few studies have assessed the development of perceived norms across adolescence and processes accounting for the strong associations between perceived norms and drinking. Using reciprocal determinism as a theoretical basis for understanding the development of adolescent drinking norms, this study examined reciprocal associations across nine waves of data spanning early to late adolescence. Bivariate latent curve models with structured residuals demonstrated consistent within-person reciprocal associations between descriptive and injunctive norms and alcohol use after accounting for growth in norms and alcohol use. Results suggest the need for developmentally informed intervention efforts targeting perceived drinking norms during early and middle adolescence.

PMID: 30908811 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12494

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Select item 30908768

10.

Addiction. 2019 Mar 25. doi: 10.1111/add.14622. [Epub ahead of print]

A Risk Model for Addictive Behaviors in Adolescents: Interactions between Personality and Learning.

D'Agostino AR1, Peterson SJ1, Smith GT1.

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Abstract

AIMS:

To determine whether transdiagnostic risk, represented as elevations in one high-risk personality trait, interacts with behavior-specific risk, represented as elevated expectancies for reinforcement from either drinking or smoking, to account partly for early adolescent drinking and smoking behavior.

DESIGN:

Multiple regression analysis.

SETTING:

Twenty-three public schools in two school systems in the USA.

PARTICIPANTS:

A sample of 1,897 adolescents tested in the spring of 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , and 9th grades.

MEASUREMENTS:

Transdiagnostic risk was measured as negative urgency, the tendency to act rashly when distressed, using the UPPS-P Child Version. Drinking-specific and smoking-specific risk were measured as expectancies for reinforcement from drinking and smoking, using the Memory Model-Based Expectancy Questionnaire (alcohol) and the Adolescent Smoking Consequences Questionnaire (smoking).

FINDINGS:

There was consistent concurrent prediction from the interactions of (a) negative urgency and alcohol reinforcement expectancies to early adolescent drinking and (b) negative urgency and smoking reinforcement expectancies to early adolescent smoking, above and beyond prediction from the main effects of those variables. In each case, expectancies were more predictive at higher levels of negative urgency. Incremental R2 values for main effects ranged from .07 to .26, and for interactions ranged from.01 to.03. Prospectively, the main effects predicted subsequent behavior but the interaction effects did not, except in one case.

CONCLUSIONS:

Among elementary and high school students in the USA, the joint effects of negative urgency and behavior-specific expectancies help to explain drinking and smoking behavior. Joint elevations on the trait and the learning variable account for drinking and smoking behavior beyond the main effects of each predictor. However, there is reason to doubt whether the joint effects predict subsequent increases in drinking and smoking beyond the main effects of those variables.

KEYWORDS:

adolescence; drinking; expectancies; smoking; urgency

PMID: 30908768 DOI: 10.1111/add.14622

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Select item 30908675

11.

Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2019 Mar 25. doi: 10.1111/acer.14035. [Epub ahead of print]

Prolonged exposure to alcohol vapor causes change in cardiovascular function in female but not in male rats.

Bianchi PC1,2, Ferreira WC1,2, Engi SA3,4, Palombo P3,4, Carneiro de Oliveira PE1, de Souza LG1,2, Crestani CC1,2, da Costa JL5, da Silva Planeta C1,2, Leão RM6, Cruz FC3,4.

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Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Alcohol abuse is a health concern worldwide. Studies have associated alcohol abuse with cardiovascular impairments. In this study, we investigated differences in the effects of chronic alcohol vapor exposure on cardiovascular function between male and female rats by using the alcohol vapor chamber method to induce alcohol addiction-like behaviors in rats.

METHODS:

We exposed male and female Long-Evans rats to alcohol vapor for 14 h, followed by ethanol withdrawal for 10 h for 30 consecutive days or room air (control groups). The animals underwent preparation for the surgical implantation of cannulas into femoral vessels, for allowing the assessment of the basal arterial pressure and heart rate values, baroreflex function, and autonomic activity.

RESULTS:

Female control rats showed higher basal heart rate compared to male control rats. Chronic alcohol vapor inhalation reduced basal heart rate in females, but not in males; this effect was followed by an increase in the parasympathetic tone of the heart. Further, female rats subjected to alcohol vapor showed an increase in the baroreflex activity.

CONCLUSIONS:

These findings suggest that females are more sensitive to chronic alcohol vapor exposure than males because they had a reduction in basal heart rate and changes in the baroreflex activity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

KEYWORDS:

alcohol; baroreflex; blood pressure; cardiovascular; sex

PMID: 30908675 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14035

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12.

Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2019 Mar 25. doi: 10.1111/acer.14033. [Epub ahead of print]

Combination of clinically utilized kappa opioid receptor agonist nalfurafine with low-dose naltrexone reduces excessive alcohol drinking in male and female mice.

Zhou Y1, Kreek MJ1.

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Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Nalfurafine is the first clinically approved kappa-opioid receptor (KOP-r) agonist as an anti-pruritus drug with few side effects in humans (e.g., sedation, depression and dysphoria). No study, however, has been done using nalfurafine on alcohol drinking in rodents or humans.

METHODS:

We investigated whether nalfurafine alone or in combination with mu-opioid receptor [MOP-r] antagonist naltrexone changed excessive alcohol drinking in male and female C57BL/6J (B6) mice subjected to a chronic intermittent access drinking paradigm (two-bottle choice, 24-h access every other day) for 3 weeks. Neuronal proopiomelanocortin enhancer (nPE) knockout mice with brain-specific deficiency of beta-endorphin (endogenous ligand of MOP-r) were used as a genetic control for the naltrexone effects.

RESULTS:

Single administration of nalfurafine decreased alcohol intake and preference in both male and female B6 mice in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with nor-BNI (a selective KOP-r antagonist) blocked the nalfurafine effect on alcohol drinking, indicating a KOP-r mediated mechanism. Pharmacological effects of a five-dosing nalfurafine regimen were further evaluated: the repeated nalfurafine administrations decreased alcohol consumption without showing any blunted effects, suggesting nalfurafine did not develop a tolerance after the multi-dosing regimen tested. Nalfurafine did not produce any sedation (spontaneous locomotor activity), anhedonia-like (sucrose preference test), anxiety-like (elevated plus maze test), or dysphoria-like (conditioned place aversion test) behaviors, suggesting that nalfurafine had few side effects. Investigating synergistic effects between low-dose naltrexone and nalfurafine, we found that single combinations of nalfurafine and naltrexone, at doses lower than individual effective dose, profoundly decreased excessive alcohol intake in both sexes. The effect of nalfurafine on decreasing alcohol consumption was confirmed in nPE -/- mice, suggesting independent mechanisms by which nalfurafine and naltrexone reduced alcohol drinking.

CONCLUSION:

KEYWORDS:

KOP-r; combined therapy; excessive alcohol drinking; nPE knockout; nalfurafine; naltrexone

PMID: 30908671 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14033

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13.

Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2019 Mar 25. doi: 10.1111/acer.14034. [Epub ahead of print]

Protective Effects of Facilitated Removal of Blood Alcohol and Acetaldehyde against Liver Injury in Animal Models Fed Alcohol and Anti-HIV Drugs.

Han H1, He Y1, Johnson H1, Mishra P1, Lee H1, Ji C1.

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Abstract

BACKGROUND:

We previously developed enzyme nanoparticles (ENP) of alcohol metabolism. This study was to evaluate protective effects of facilitated removal of blood alcohol and/or acetaldehyde on anti-HIV drugs and alcohol-induced liver injuries.

METHODS:

ENP were prepared for degrading alcohol completely (ENP1) or partially into acetaldehyde (ENP2), which were applied to mice of acute binge or chronic-binge alcohol feeding in the presence of antivirals (ritonavir and lopinavir). Liver pathologies were examined to assess the protective effects of ENP.

RESULTS:

In the acute model, ENP1 and ENP2 reduced the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) by 41% and 32% respectively within 4 hr whereas in control without ENP, BAC was reduced only by 15%. Blood acetaldehyde concentration (BADC) was increased by 39% in alcohol fed mice treated with ENP2 comparing to control. No significant effects of the anti-HIV drugs on BAC or BADC were observed. Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and expression of liver TNFα were both significantly increased in the alcohol fed mice, which were normalized by ENP1. In the presence of the antivirals, ALT was partially reduced by ENP1 or ENP2. In the chronic model, inflammation, fatty liver and ALT were increased, which were deteriorated by the antivirals. ENP1 partially reduced BAC, BADC, ALT, and expression of inflammation markers of TNFα, F4/80 and IL-6 and lipogenic factors of ACC, LXRα and SREBP1. ENP2 reduced BAC without significant effects on ALT, inflammation or lipogenesis. Antivirals and alcohol synergistically increased expression of organelle stress markers of CHOP, sXBP-1, ATF6 and GCP60. ENP1 reduced BAC, CHOP and sXbp-1. However, no effects of ENP1 were found on ATF6 or GCP60.

CONCLUSIONS:

Removal of blood alcohol and acetaldehyde by the enzyme nanoparticles protects the liver against alcoholic injuries, and the protection is less effective in chronic alcohol and antiviral feeding due to additional drug-induced organelle stresses. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

KEYWORDS:

drug/alcohol abuse; enzyme nanoparticles; liver injury; organelle stress; treatment of alcohol intoxication

PMID: 30908665 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14034

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14.

Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2019 Mar 25. doi: 10.1111/acer.14031. [Epub ahead of print]

Changes in drinking patterns, attitudes towards and knowledge about alcohol consumption during pregnancy in a population of pregnant Danish women.

Kesmodel US1, Urbute A1,2.

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Abstract

BACKGROUND:

In 1997, The Danish Health Authority recommended that "it is safest not to drink alcohol when you are pregnant," and in 1999 expanded recommendations. There are only a few studies evaluating the possible change of average alcohol consumption following changes in national recommendations, and no studies have been found comparing the changes in pregnant women's attitudes towards alcohol consumption during pregnancy. We aimed to evaluate the changes in drinking pattern, knowledge about, and attitudes towards alcohol consumption during pregnancy before and after the change of national recommendations.

METHODS:

This is a cross-sectional interview study with a representative sample of 1418 woman attending antenatal care at the beginning of their 2nd trimester in Aarhus, Denmark, in the year 2000, and a comparable sample of 439 pregnant women from 1998 in Aarhus. Participants were interviewed about their average alcohol consumption, binge drinking, attitudes towards and knowledge about alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Data collection procedures and questions were identical for both samples.

RESULTS:

There were no differences between the two samples in terms of average alcohol consumption before (p=0.19) and during (p=0.45) pregnancy, and binge drinking in early pregnancy (p=0.47). Attitudes towards and knowledge about alcohol in pregnancy did not change either (p>0.5). Women's knowledge about guidelines was less precise in 2000 (p<0.001).Worse knowledge was associated with younger age considering both samples (OR=2.63, 95% CI: 1.63-4.26). Most pregnant women reported that they had not been informed or advised about alcohol consumption during pregnancy, but they would like to be advised by their health care professionals.

CONCLUSIONS:

After the changes in the national guidelines about alcohol consumption during pregnancy, there were no changes in behavior, attitudes and knowledge of pregnant women. This would indicate that health care specialists should be encouraged to initiate a conversation about alcohol consumption during the first antenatal visit. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

KEYWORDS:

alcohol; attitudes; binge drinking; healthcare; pregnancy

PMID: 30908663 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14031

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15.

Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2019 Mar 25. doi: 10.1111/acer.14036. [Epub ahead of print]

Relation Between Oppositional/Conduct Behaviors and Executive Function Among Youth with Histories of Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure.

Doyle LR1, Glass L2, Wozniak JR3, Kable JA4, Riley EP1, Coles CD4,5, Sowell ER6, Jones KL7, Mattson SN1; CIFASD.

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Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Youth with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure have high rates of behavioral concerns and psychopathology, including increased oppositional and conduct behaviors. The relation between those concerns and executive function (EF) deficits is unknown. We investigated the association of oppositional and conduct behavior and EF in adolescents to inform targeted intervention.

METHODS:

Subjects (N=267) ages 10-17y comprised three groups: alcohol-exposed with oppositional/conduct behaviors (AE+), alcohol-exposed without oppositional/conduct behaviors (AE-), and controls (CON). Group differences on direct neuropsychological (D-KEFS) and indirect parent-report (BRIEF) EF measures were tested with MANCOVAs, followed by univariate ANOVAs and pairwise comparisons. The contribution of ADHD within the AE groups was assessed in secondary analyses.

RESULTS:

On the D-KEFS, there was an omnibus main effect of Group, with significant main effects on 3 of 6 variables (CON>AE+, AE-). Within the AE groups, ADHD did not alter the results. On the BRIEF, there was an omnibus significant main effect of Group, with significant main effects on all scales (CON<AE-<AE+). Within the AE groups, the AE+ group had higher BRIEF scores (i.e., more difficulty) than the AE- group on 4 of 8 subscales when accounting for presence of ADHD.

CONCLUSIONS:

Executive function deficits in youth with histories of prenatal alcohol exposure were confirmed using direct and indirect measures. Oppositional/conduct behaviors related to EF deficits on indirect but not direct EF measures. Greater understanding of the contribution of concurrent psychopathology to long-term outcomes for alcohol-exposed youth requires further investigation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

KEYWORDS:

Executive function; fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD); fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS); neurobehavioral profile

PMID: 30908651 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14036

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16.

J Food Sci. 2019 Mar 25. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.14449. [Epub ahead of print]

Microwave-Assisted Degradation of Polysaccharide from Polygonatum sibiricum and Antioxidant Activity.

Zhang H1, Cai XT1, Tian QH1, Xiao LX2, Zeng Z1, Cai XT1, Yan JZ1, Li QY1.

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Abstract

Four polysaccharide fractions (P-1: 71.40%, P-2: 1.95%, P-3: 1.14%, P-4: 1.64%) were isolated from crude Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide (PSP), processed by water extraction, ethanol precipitation, and further separated with diethylaminoethyl cellulose-52 anion-exchange chromatography. Their molecular weights and monosaccharide compositions were characterized by high performance gel chromatography with evaporative light scattering detector and ultraviolet-visible detector. The antioxidant activity of four polysaccharides fractions were assessed by the electron transfer menchanism (DPPH, ferric reducing power, and ABST assays) and chelation of transition metals (Fe2+ and Cu2+ chelation ability). The highest content fraction P-1 exhibited the lowest antioxidant activity, and the ranking of antioxidant capacity was P-4 > P-3 > P-2 > PSP > P-1. After processed by microwave-assisted degradation, the molecular weight of P-1 was decreased from 2.99 × 105 to 2.33 × 103 Da, while the antioxidant activity of degraded P-1 was about eightfold higher than natural P-1. These results indicated that the proposed microwave-assisted degradation approach was an efficacious methodology to improve their bioactivity by lower the molecular weight of polysaccharides. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study provided an environmentally friendly, convenient and efficient microwave-assisted degradation technology to process the neutral polysaccharides from Polygonatum sibiricum. The results could be used for the development and utilization of various plant polysaccharides as a kind of food supplement in our daily life.

KEYWORDS:

Polygonatum sibiricum; antioxidant activity; microwave degradation; polysaccharide

PMID: 30908644 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14449

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17.

Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2019 Mar 25. doi: 10.1111/acer.14032. [Epub ahead of print]

HIV Infection, HCV Co-Infection, and Alcohol Use: Associations with Microbial Translocation and Immune Activation.

Monnig MA1, Cohen R2, Ramratnam B3,4, McAdams M5, Tashima K4,5, Monti PM1.

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Abstract

BACKGROUND:

HIV infection and heavy drinking independently promote microbial translocation and inflammation. However, it is not known how alcohol use may affect these processes in people living with HIV (PLWH). This study tested the hypothesis that alcohol exacerbates innate immune dysfunction in PLWH.

METHODS:

Participants were 75 PLWH and 34 uninfected controls. Groups were recruited to have similar proportions of non-drinkers, moderate drinkers, and heavy drinkers. Substance use data and plasma samples were collected at up to three visits over a five-year study period. Recent alcohol use was assessed with the Timeline Followback Interview. Biomarkers of microbial translocation (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and immune activation (lipopolysaccharide binding protein, LBP; soluble CD14, sCD14; soluble CD163, sCD163) were quantified using ELISA. Analyses tested two hypotheses: 1) that biomarker levels would be significantly higher in PLWH than controls with comparable alcohol use; 2) that current alcohol use would exacerbate biomarker elevations in PLWH. The second analysis included the interaction of alcohol use with hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection.

RESULTS:

Groups were matched on alcohol use, smoking, and other drug use. All biomarkers were significantly higher in PLWH relative to controls (LBP: p=.005; LPS: p=.014; sCD14: p<.001; sCD163: p<.001). In PLWH, alcohol use showed a significant, positive association with sCD163, but not with other biomarkers. However, the interaction of alcohol use with HCV co-infection was significant for all biomarkers (LBP: p=.002; LPS: p=.026; sCD14: p=.0004; sCD163: p=.001). In pairwise tests with sequential Bonferroni correction, HIV/HCV co-infected individuals who drank heavily had significantly higher sCD163 compared to co-infected non-drinkers and to HIV mono-infected non-drinkers, moderate drinkers, and heavy drinkers (p's<.005). Co-infected moderate drinkers had significantly higher sCD163 than each mono-infected group (p's<.003). In addition, sCD14 was significantly higher in co-infected moderate drinkers than co-infected non-drinkers (p=.027).

CONCLUSIONS:

As predicted, PLWH had higher levels of LBP, LPS, sCD14, and sCD163 than uninfected individuals with similar alcohol use. In PLWH, alcohol by itself was significantly associated only with higher sCD163. However, heavy or moderate alcohol use was associated with elevations in macrophage activation (sCD163) and monocyte activation (sCD14) in HIV/HCV co-infected individuals. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

KEYWORDS:

HIV infection; alcohol; biomarkers; hepatitis C; inflammation

PMID: 30908642 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14032

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18.

Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2019 Mar 25. doi: 10.1111/acer.14027. [Epub ahead of print]

Hepatic inactivation of the type 2 deiodinase confers resistance to alcoholic liver steatosis.

Fonseca TL1, Fernandes GW1, Bocco BMLC1, Keshavarzian A2, Jakate S3, Donohue TM Jr4, Gereben B5, Bianco AC1.

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Abstract

BACKGROUND:

A mouse with hepatocyte-specific deiodinase type II (Dio2) inactivation (Alb-D2KO) is resistant to diet-induced obesity, hepatic steatosis and hypertriglyceridemia due to perinatal epigenetic modifications in the liver. This phenotype is linked to low levels of Zfp125, a hepatic transcriptional repressor that promotes liver steatosis by inhibiting genes involved in packaging and secretion of VLDL.

METHODS:

Here we used chronic and binge ethanol (ETOH) in mice to cause liver steatosis.

RESULTS:

The ETOH treatment causes a 2.3-fold increase in hepatic triglyceride content; Zfp125 levels were approximately 50% higher in these animals. In contrast, Alb-D2KO mice did not develop ETOH-induced liver steatosis. They also failed to elevate Zfp125 to the same levels, despite being on the ETOH-containing diet for the same period of time. Their phenotype was associated with 1.3-2.9-fold upregulation of hepatic genes involved in lipid transport and export that are normally repressed by Zfp125, i.e. Mttp, Abca1, Ldlr, Apoc1, Apoc3, Apoe, Apoh and Azgp1. Furthermore, genes involved in the ETOH metabolic pathway, i.e. Aldh2 and Acss2, were also 1.6-3.1-fold up regulated in Alb-D2KO-ETOH mice compared with control animals kept on ETOH.

CONCLUSIONS:

ETOH consumption elevates expression of Zfp125. Alb-D2KO animals, which have lower levels of Zfp125, are much less susceptible to ETOH-induced liver steatosis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

KEYWORDS:

deiodinase; ethanol; lipogenesis; liver; steatosis; thyroid hormone

PMID: 30908637 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14027

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19.

Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2019 Mar 25. doi: 10.1111/acer.14029. [Epub ahead of print]

Intergenerational effects of alcohol: a review of paternal preconception ethanol exposure studies and epigenetic mechanisms in the male germline.

Rompala GR1, Homanics GE1,2,3,4.

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Abstract

While alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a highly heritable psychiatric disease, efforts to elucidate that heritability by examining genetic variation (e.g., single nucleotide polymorphisms) have been insufficient to fully account for familial AUD risk. Perhaps not coincidently, there has been a burgeoning interest in novel non-genomic mechanisms of inheritance (i.e., epigenetics) that are shaped in the male or female germ cells by significant lifetime experiences such as exposure to chronic stress, malnutrition, or drugs of abuse. While many epidemiological and preclinical studies have long pointed to a role for the parental preconception environment in offspring behavior, over the last decade many studies have implicated a causal relationship between the environmentally-sensitive sperm epigenome and intergenerational phenotypes. This critical review will detail the heritable effects of alcohol and the potential role for epigenetics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

KEYWORDS:

alcohol; epigenetic inheritance; germline; stress

PMID: 30908630 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14029

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20.

FEBS Lett. 2019 Mar 25. doi: 10.1002/1873-3468.13372. [Epub ahead of print]

Stereoselective C3-substituent modification and substrate channeling by oxidoreductase BchC in bacteriochlorophyll a biosynthesis.

Teramura M1, Tsukatani Y2, Harada J3, Hirose M1, Tamiaki H1.

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Abstract

We report the in vitro activity of recombinant BchC oxidoreductase involved in bacteriochlorophyll a biosynthesis. BchC of Rhodobacter capsulatus preferentially oxidizes 31 R-3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-chlorophyllide a and 31 R-3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-bacteriochlorophyllide a in the presence of NAD+ to 3-acetyl-chlorophyllide a and bacteriochlorophyllide a, respectively, leaving the unreacted 31 S-epimers. In the reverse reaction, BchC with NADH predominately produces 31 R-epimeric alcohols from the 3-acetyl-(bacterio)chlorins. BchC of Chlorobaculum tepidum demonstrates the same 31 R-selectivity, suggesting that utilization of 31 R-epimers in BchC-catalyzed reductions may be conserved across different phyla of photosynthetic bacteria. Additionally, the presence of BchC accelerates the 3-vinyl hydration by BchF hydratase of Chlorobaculum tepidum during conversion of chlorophyllide a to 3-acetyl-chlorophyllide a through 3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-chlorophyllide a, indicating that these enzymes work cooperatively to promote efficient bacteriochlorophyll a biosynthesis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

KEYWORDS:

Bacteriochlorophyll; Dehydrogenase; Green sulfur bacterium; Hydratase; Purple bacterium

PMID: 30908616 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13372

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Medicine by Alexandros G. Sfakianakis

Alexandros G .Sfakianakis,ENT,Anapafeos 5 Agios Nikolaos Crete 72100 Greece,00302841026182

Τρίτη 26 Μαρτίου 2019

alcohol

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