Synthesis of Protein-Inorganic Nanohybrids with Improved Catalytic Properties Using Co 3 (PO 4 ) 2

Abstract

In the present study, a method for easy and rapid synthesis of lipase nanohybrids was evaluated using cobalt chloride as an encapsulating agent. The synthesized nanohybrids exhibited higher activity (181%) compared to free lipase and improved catalytic properties at higher temperature and in harsh conditions. The nanohybrids retained 84% of their residual activity at 25 °C after 10 days. In addition, these nanohybrids also exhibited high storage stability and reusability. Collectively, the synthesis of carrier-free immobilized biocatalysts was performed rapidly within 24 h at 4 °C. Their high reusability and catalytic activities highlight the broad applicability of this method for catalysis in organic and aqueous media.

http://ift.tt/2DBbBh3

Face verification based on deep Bayesian convolutional neural network in unconstrained environment

Abstract

Unconstrained face verification aims to verify whether two specify images contain the same person. In this paper, we propose a deep Bayesian convolutional neural network (DBCNN) framework to extract facial features and measure their similarity for face verification in unconstrained conditions. Specifically, we design a deep convolutional neural network and construct a Bayesian probabilistic model by transferring the Bayesian likelihood ratio function into linear decision function. By training a decision line rather than finding a suitable threshold, we further enlarge the distances between inter-class and intra-class in unconstrained environment. Finally, we comprehensively evaluate our method on LFW, CACD-VS and MegaFace datasets. The test results on LFW and CACD-VS datasets show that our method can shrink intra-class variations significantly. The performance of our DBCNN model on MegaFace dataset proves that our model can achieve comparable performance to state-of-the-art methods on face verification with relative small training data and only one single network.

http://ift.tt/2CddSmn

Weight bearing exercise can elicit similar peak muscle activation as medium–high intensity resistance exercise in elderly women

Abstract

Purpose

To assess whether stepping-based weight bearing exercise (WBE) can elicit peak activation of upper leg muscles similar to resistance exercise (RE) at an intensity required to induce strength gains in elderly women.

Methods

Muscular activation of several upper leg muscles was measured during RE and WBE in a cohort of 19 healthy elderly women (69.3 ± 3.4 years). WBE consisted of forward and lateral stepping with step heights of 10, 20 and 30 cm. Muscular activation was compared to 60% of one-repetition maximum (1-RM) of congruent RE.

Results

Peak activation during WBE was higher than RE at 60% 1-RM during forward and lateral stepping in vastus lateralis starting at 20 cm (p = 0.049 and p = 0.001), and biceps femoris at 30 cm step height (p = 0.024 and p = 0.030). Gluteus maximus peak activation matched RE at 60% 1-RM at 20 and 30 cm step height regardless of step direction (p ≥ 0.077). Peak activation of the rectus femoris and gluteus medius matched RE activation at 60% 1-RM during lateral stepping at 30 cm (p = 0.355 and p = 0.243, respectively) but not during forward stepping. WBE did not induce similar activation as RE in the semitendinosus.

Conclusion

In WBE, most upper leg muscles were recruited at an equal or higher intensity than in RE at 60% 1-RM. Lateral stepping at 30 cm step height showed the highest training potential of all WBE's applied.

http://ift.tt/2BZHobq

Trends in Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Childhood Asthma in Miami, Florida: 2005–2013

Abstract

Nationally, racial and ethnic disparities in childhood asthma plateaued from 2005 to 2013. We assessed trends in childhood asthma in Miami, Florida using Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) data and emergency department (ED) utilization and hospitalization rates by zip code population characteristics. Asthma prevalence in Miami did not vary significantly by race/ethnicity in YRBSS respondents in 2005 (16.2–17.2%, all groups), but rose in African–Americans and Hispanics and declined in Whites by 2013 to 27.9, 20.9 and 12.6%, respectively (P = 0.02). Median asthma ED visit rates rose from 106.8 (2006–2008) to 138.2 (2011–2013; P = 0.004) per 10,000 children. High-poverty and majority African–American zip codes were 6.3 and 7.3 times more likely to have asthma ED visit rates > 200 than others (P < 0.001). In high-poverty zip codes, majority African–American population was not associated with significantly higher ED utilization. In low-poverty zip codes, the association became stronger. Greater poverty explains much, but not all of Miami African–Americans' higher asthma risk.

http://ift.tt/2pYpEeX

Osteotomies in ankylosing spondylitis: where, how many, and how much?

Abstract

Introduction

This article presents the current concepts of correction of spinal deformity in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients. Untreated AS can be a debilitating disease. In a few patients, disease progression results in severe spinal deformity affecting not only the thoracolumbar, but also the cervical spine. Surgery for correction in AS patients has a long history. With the advent of modern instrumentation, standardization of surgical and anesthesiologic techniques, surgical safety and corrective results could be improved and experiences from lumbar osteotomies could be transferred to the cervical spine.

Methods

This article presents the current concepts of correction of spinal deformity in AS patients. In particular, questions regarding the localization and number of osteotomies, the optimal surgical target angle as well as planning and prediction of postoperative alignment are discussed.

Results

Insight into recent technical developments, current challenges with correction and geometric analysis of center of rotation (COR) in cervical 3-column osteotomies (3CO) will be presented.

Conclusion

The article should encourage readers to improve surgical correction efficacy and provide a better understanding of correction geometry in 3CO for thoracolumbar and cervical spinal deformities.

http://ift.tt/2DBVtMC

Convective Stability of Vertical Throughflow of a Non-Newtonian Fluid in a Porous Channel with Soret Effect

Abstract

The linear stability analysis of vertical throughflow of power law fluid for double-diffusive convection with Soret effect in a porous channel is investigated in this study. The upper and lower boundaries are assumed to be permeable, isothermal and isosolutal. The linear stability of vertical through flow is influenced by the interactions among the non-Newtonian Rayleigh number (Ra), Buoyancy ratio (N), Lewis number (Le), Péclet number (Pe), Soret parameter (Sr) and power law index (n). The results indicate that the Soret parameter has a significant influence on convective instability of power law fluid. It has also been noticed that buoyancy ratio has a dual effect on the instability of fluid flow. Further, it is noticed that the basic temperature and concentration profiles have singularities at \(Pe = 0\) and \(Le = 1\) , the convective instability is looked into for the limiting case of \(Pe\rightarrow 0\) and \(Le \rightarrow 1\) . For the case of pure thermal convection with no vertical throughflow, the present numerical results coincide with the solution of standard Horton–Rogers–Lapwood problem. The present results for critical Rayleigh number obtained using bvp4c and two-term Galerkin approximation are compared with those available in the literature and are tabulated.

http://ift.tt/2pVToca

Specialized Plant Metabolism Characteristics and Impact on Target Molecule Biotechnological Production

Abstract

Plant secondary metabolism evolved in the context of highly organized and differentiated cells and tissues, featuring massive chemical complexity operating under tight environmental, developmental and genetic control. Biotechnological demand for natural products has been continuously increasing because of their significant value and new applications, mainly as pharmaceuticals. Aseptic production systems of plant secondary metabolites have improved considerably, constituting an attractive tool for increased, stable and large-scale supply of valuable molecules. Surprisingly, to date, only a few examples including taxol, shikonin, berberine and artemisinin have emerged as success cases of commercial production using this strategy. The present review focuses on the main characteristics of plant specialized metabolism and their implications for current strategies used to produce secondary compounds in axenic cultivation systems. The search for consonance between plant secondary metabolism unique features and various in vitro culture systems, including cell, tissue, organ, and engineered cultures, as well as heterologous expression in microbial platforms, is discussed. Data to date strongly suggest that attaining full potential of these biotechnology production strategies requires being able to take advantage of plant specialized metabolism singularities for improved target molecule yields and for bypassing inherent difficulties in its rational manipulation.

http://ift.tt/2Ccb6Ot

Abundance and Species Diversity of Fungi in Rivers with Various Contaminations

Abstract

The main objective of this work was to determine the abundance and species diversity of fungi in the waters of selected rivers of Central Europe, NE Poland (Augustów Lakeland), differing in size, physical and chemical properties, and streamflow rate. The minimum abundance of fungi in the analysed rivers was recorded for a river with low concentration of organic matter (8200 CFU/mL, Czarna Hańcza River), and maximum for a strongly anthropogenically polluted river (24,800 CFU/mL, Kamienny Bród River). A total of 49 fungal species were identified based on PCR ITS-RFLP and DNA sequencing methods. However, RFLP-PCR method has proved to be sufficient to determine the species of 34 fungi. The highest taxonomic diversity was determined for the waters abundant in organic matter (Piecówka and Rospuda Rivers), and the lowest for rivers poor in organic matter (Netta and Czarna Hańcza Rivers). From the 49 identified species, 47% were aquatic hyphomycetes, and 18% were potentially pathogenic fungi mainly occurring in the waters of polluted rivers with increased organic matter concentrations. Moreover, a higher number of fungal taxa were recorded in fluvial waters distinguished by higher streamflow rate, and therefore, stronger water turbulence. The study results suggest that the most important factors influencing the structure of mycoplankton in rivers include pH of water, content of organic matter, degree of anthropogenic pollution, and streamflow rate.

http://ift.tt/2q06hSG

Aeromicrobium panacisoli sp. nov. Isolated from Soil of Ginseng Cultivating Field

Abstract

A Gram-positive, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, and aerobic bacterium (Gsoil 137^T) was isolated from soil of a ginseng field of Pocheon province in South Korea and subjected to a polyphasic approach in order to determine its taxonomic position. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain Gsoil 137^T was shown to belong to the family Nocardioidaceae and was closely related to Aeromicrobium ginsengisoli Gsoil 098^T (96.7%), Aeromicrobium panaciterrae (96.7%), and Aeromicrobium halocynthiae JCM 15749^T (96.6%). Being phylogenetic, it was most closely related to Aeromicrobium halocynthiae JCM 15749^T. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 70.3 mol%. The diagnostic diamino acid of the cell wall peptidoglycan was LL-diaminopimelic acid. The predominant menaquinone was menaquinone MK-8 (H₄) and MK-7 (H4) was a minor compound. The major cellular fatty acids were C_14:0, C_16:0, C_18:1ω9c and summed feature 4 (C_16:1ω7c/C_15:0 iso 2-OH). All these data supported the affiliation of strain Gsoil 137^T to the genus Aeromicrobium. The results of physiological and biochemical tests enabled strain Gsoil 137^T to be differentiated genotypically and phenotypically from currently known Aeromicrobium species. Therefore, strain Gsoil 137^T represents a novel species of the genus Aeromicrobium, for which the name Aeromicrobium panacisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Gsoil 137^T (= KCTC 19130^T = DSM 17940^T = CCUG 52475^T).

http://ift.tt/2Egq0AB

Intensified blood glucose treatment in diabetic patients undergoing a liver transplant: impact on graft evolution at 3 months and at 5 years

Abstract

Purpose

The debate about the impact of intensified hyperglycemia treatment is still ranging. The main objective was to assess whether intensive glycemic control in hospitalized diabetic patients undergoing a liver transplant is associated with a lower rate of graft rejection at 3 months and at 5 years post-transplant.

Methods

Cross-sectional study comparing a cohort of patients undergoing liver transplant in 2010 and 2011, in whom an intensive insulin protocol was applied, with a retrospective group of patients undergoing a liver transplant in 2005 and 2006, in whom a conventional insulin protocol was applied. Both diabetics and non-diabetics were compared. As intensive insulin therapy is applied mainly in diabetic patients, it is expected that, when comparing both periods, the treatment would only benefit those patients.

Results

The logistic regression model showed a statistically significant interaction between the treatment group and the presence of diabetes for the rejection rate 3 months and 5 years post-transplant. At both time points, the intensive insulin treatment group had lower rejection rates in the case of diabetic patients, which did not occur in non-diabetic patients.

Conclusions

Our study shows a decrease in the rate of liver graft rejection in diabetic patients undergoing intensive insulin treatment.

http://ift.tt/2lufvRH

Inhibition of VEGF Signaling Reduces Diabetes-Exacerbated Brain Swelling, but Not Infarct Size, in Large Cerebral Infarction in Mice

Abstract

In light of repeated translational failures with preclinical neuroprotection-based strategies, this preclinical study reevaluates brain swelling as an important pathological event in diabetic stroke and investigates underlying mechanism of the comorbidity-enhanced brain edema formation. Type 2 (mild), type 1 (moderate), and mixed type 1/2 (severe) diabetic mice were subjected to transient focal ischemia. Infarct volume, brain swelling, and IgG extravasation were assessed at 3 days post-stroke. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, endothelial-specific molecule-1 (Esm1), and the VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) was determined in the ischemic brain. Additionally, SU5416, a VEGFR2 inhibitor, was treated in the type 1/2 diabetic mice, and stroke outcomes were determined. All diabetic groups displayed bigger infarct volume and brain swelling compared to nondiabetic mice, and the increased swelling was disproportionately larger relative to infarct enlargement. Diabetic conditions significantly increased VEGF-A, Esm1, and VEGFR2 expressions in the ischemic brain compared to nondiabetic mice. Notably, in diabetic mice, VEGFR2 mRNA levels were positively correlated with brain swelling, but not with infarct volume. Treatment with SU5416 in diabetic mice significantly reduced brain swelling. The study shows that brain swelling is a predominant pathological event in diabetic stroke and that an underlying event for diabetes-enhanced brain swelling includes the activation of VEGF signaling. This study suggests consideration of stroke therapies aiming at primarily reducing brain swelling for subjects with diabetes.

http://ift.tt/2lu9vIq

Evidence of G-protein-coupled receptor and substrate transporter heteromerization at a single molecule level

Abstract

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can constitute complexes with non-GPCR integral membrane proteins, while such interaction has not been demonstrated at a single molecule level so far. We here investigated the potential interaction between the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) and the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), a member of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS), using fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS). Both the proteins are expressed endogenously on the basolateral plasma membrane of the thyrocytes and are involved in stimulation of thyroid hormone production and release. Indeed, we demonstrate strong interaction between both the proteins which causes a suppressed activation of G_q/11 by TSH-stimulated TSHR. Thus, we provide not only evidence for a novel interaction between the TSHR and MCT8, but could also prove this interaction on a single molecule level. Moreover, this interaction forces biased signaling at the TSHR. These results are of general interest for both the GPCR and the MFS research fields.

http://ift.tt/2BTNbPz

Quantitative characterization of TiO 2 nanoparticle release from textiles by conventional and single particle ICP-MS

Abstract

TiO₂ is ubiquitously present in a wide range of everyday items, both as an intentionally incorporated additive and naturally occurring constituent. It can be found in a wide range of consumer products, including personal care products, food contact materials, and textiles. Normal use of these products may lead to consumer and/or environmental exposure to TiO₂, possibly in form of nanoparticles. The aim of this study is to perform a leaching test and apply state-of-the-art methods to investigate nano-TiO₂ and total Ti release from five types of commercially available conventional textiles: table placemats, wet wipes, microfiber cloths, and two types of baby bodysuits, with Ti contents ranging from 2.63 to 1448 μg/g. Released particle analysis was performed using conventional and single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS and spICP-MS), in conjunction with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), to measure total and particulate TiO₂ release by mass and particle number, as well as size distribution. Less than 1% of the initial Ti content was released over 24 h of leaching, with the highest releases reaching 3.13 μg/g. The fraction of nano-TiO₂ released varied among fabric types and represented 0–80% of total TiO₂ release. Particle mode sizes were 50–75 nm, and TEM imaging revealed particles in sizes of 80–200 nm. This study highlights the importance of using a multi-method approach to obtain quantitative release data that is able to provide an indication regarding particle number, size distribution, and mass concentration, all of which can help in understanding the fate and exposure of nanoparticles.

Graphical abstract

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http://ift.tt/2CqMdLV

An efficient nonlinear approach for removing fixed-value impulse noise from grayscale images

Abstract

Removal of salt and pepper noise has been one of the most interesting researches in the field of image preprocessing tasks; it has two simultaneous stringent demands: the suppression of impulses and the preservation of fine details. To address this problem, a scheme based on nonlinear filters is proposed; it consists of the introduction of a redescending M-estimator within the modified nearest neighbor filter. In order to analyze all pixels in the neighborhood, as well as to reduce the magnitude of the existing impulses, a redescending M-estimator is used; the remaining pixels are processed by the modified nearest neighbor filter to obtain the best estimation of a noise-free pixel. The impulsive suppression is applied on the entire image by using a sliding window; the local information obtained by this one also allows to calculate the thresholds that characterize the influence function tested in the redescending M-estimator. To suppress high density fixed-value impulse noise in large-size grayscale images, the proposal is implemented on a heterogeneous CPU–GPU architecture. The noise reduction and the processing time of the proposed approach are evaluated by extensive simulations; its effectiveness is verified by quantitative and qualitative results.

http://ift.tt/2EdJi9D

Effects of progressive muscle relaxation training on sleep and quality of life in patients with pulmonary resection

Abstract

Background

The inadequate quality and nature of sleep is a commonly reported problem among hospitalized patients. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of progressive muscle relaxation training program on sleep quality, sleep state, pain, and quality of life in patients who underwent pulmonary resection.

Methods

Our study was planned as a single-blind prospective randomized controlled trial. The study was conducted on 26 patients who underwent surgery by using posterolateral thoracotomy method. Progressive muscle relaxation training were given to the training group with a therapist two times a day. Sleep quality, daytime sleeping, pain, and quality of life were respectively evaluated in the morning before the surgery and 1 week after the surgery by using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, visual analogue scale, and Euro Quality of Life-5D (EQ-5D).

Results

There is no significant difference between preoperative groups in the total Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Euro Quality of Life-5D, and visual analogue scale scores (p > 0.05). The intra-group change in the study group showed a significant deterioration in the Euro Quality of Life-5D and visual analogue scale scores (p < 0.05). There was a significant deterioration in the total Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, EQ-5D, and visual analogue scale scores in the control group (p < 0.05). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and Euro Quality of Life-5D scores showed significant improvements in the relaxation training group after treatment at 1 week (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Progressive muscle relaxation prevents a decline in patient-reported sleep quality following pulmonary resection.

http://ift.tt/2Egvhbd

Letter to the Editor concerning “Effects of lumbosacral orthoses on postural control in individuals with or without non-specific low back pain” by J. Mi et al. (Eur Spine J; 2017: DOI 10.1007/s00586-017-5355-5)

http://ift.tt/2DAxn4N

Beyond Moral Responsibility to a System that Works

Abstract

Moving beyond the retributive system requires clearing away some of the basic assumptions that form the foundation of that system: most importantly, the assumption of moral responsibility, which is held in place by deep and destructive belief in a just world. Efforts to justify moral responsibility typically appeal to some version of self-making, and that appeal is only plausible through limits on inquiry. Eliminating moral responsibility removes a major impediment to deeper inquiry and understanding of the biological, social, and environmental causes of both vicious and virtuous behavior. The resources for moving beyond the moral responsibility are already being developed in social democratic corporatist cultures as well as in workplace management models that nurture commitment and reject blame and shame. Without moral responsibility we must face the unpleasant fact that although punishment is sometimes unavoidable it is always unjust. That unpleasant fact motivates difficult but beneficial changes that minimize both the extent and the severity of punitive measures.

http://ift.tt/2llAE1d

N -substituted methyl maleamates as larvicidal compounds against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Abstract

Severe human arboviral diseases can be transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.), including dengue, chikungunya, zika, and yellow fever. The use of larvicides in containers that can result as potential breeding places and cannot be eliminated is the main alternative in control programs. However, their continuous and widespread use caused an increase in insecticide-resistant populations of this mosquito. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of three N-substituted methyl maleamates as larvicides on Ae. aegypti, the N-propyl methyl maleamate (PMM), N-butyl methyl maleamate (BMM), and N-hexyl methyl maleamate (HMM). These compounds could have a different mode of action from those larvicides known so far. We evaluated the larva mortality after 1 and 24 h of exposure and we found that mortality was fast and occurs within the first 60 min. HMM was slightly more effective with LC₅₀ values of 0.7 and 0.3 ppm for 1 and 24 h of exposure and LC₉₅ of 11 and 3 ppm. Our results demonstrate that N-substituted methyl maleamates have insecticidal properties for the control of Ae. aegypti larvae. These compounds could become useful alternatives to traditional larvicides after studying their insecticidal mechanism as well as their toxicity towards non target organisms.

http://ift.tt/2lt6vwa

Presynaptic serotonin 5-HT 1B/D receptor-mediated inhibition of glycinergic transmission to the frog spinal motoneurons

Abstract

Endogenous monoamine 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) is a phylogenetically ancient neurotransmitter present in vertebrates. The functions of 5-HT in central nervous system are intensively studied; however, the presynaptic effects of 5-HT in frog spinal motoneurons are practically unexplored. We have previously shown that 5-HT decreases the frequency of glycinergic miniature inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (mIPSPs), but does not affect the frequency of GABAergic mIPSPs and increases the frequency of glutamatergic postsynaptic potentials. In the present study, using pharmacological methods and intracellular recordings in motoneurons from an adult frog's isolated spinal cord, we aimed to identify the 5-HT receptor subtype responsible for inhibiting the release of glycine. Аn agonist of 5-HT_1A and 5-HT₇ receptors, 8-OH-DPAT, and a selective agonist of 5-HT₂ receptors, α-Ме-5-НТ, did not show any significant effect on inhibitory transmission, indicating that 5-HT_1A, 5-HT_2, and 5-HT₇ receptors are not involved in the modulation of glycine release in the adult frog spinal cord. An agonist of 5-HT_1B/D receptors sumatriptan decreased the frequency (but not the amplitude) of glycinergic mIPSPs similar to 5-HT. An antagonist of 5-HT_1,2 receptors, methysergide, abolished the effect of sumatriptan. Together our results suggest that 5-HT inhibits the release of glycine by activation of 5-HT_1B/D receptors.

http://ift.tt/2pYDgqu

Carboxybetaine-modified succinylated chitosan-based beads encourage pancreatic β-cells (Min-6) to form islet-like spheroids under in vitro conditions

Abstract

In vitro, pancreatic β-cells tend to reduce their ability to aggregate into islets and lose insulin-producing ability, likely due to insufficient cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions that are essential for β-cell retention, viability and functionality. In response to these needs, surfaces of succinylated chitosan-based beads (NSC) were modified with zwitterionic carboxy-betaine (CB) moieties, a compatible osmolyte known to regulate cellular hydration state, and used to promote the formation of β-cell spheroids using a conventional 2D cell culture technique. The NSC were synthesised by ionic gelation and surface-functionalised with CB using carbodiimide chemistry. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic laser scattering (DLS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed as characterisation tools to confirm the successful modification of the succinylated chitosan material into spherical beads with rough surfaces and a diameter of 0.4 µm. NSC with and without CB were re-suspended at concentrations of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.6 mg/mL in saline medium and tested in vitro with MIN6 murine pancreatic β-cell line. Results showed that a concentration of 0.3 mg/mL, NSC-CB encouraged pancreatic MIN6 cells to proliferate and form spheroids via E-cadherin and Pdx-1 activation within 48 h in culture. These spheroids, with a size of approximately 80 µm, exhibited high cell viability and enhanced insulin protein expression and secretion when compared to cells organised by the non-modified beads.

http://ift.tt/2CcRBp0

FPGA implementation of fractional-order discrete memristor chaotic system and its commensurate and incommensurate synchronisations

Abstract

A new fourth-order memristor chaotic oscillator is taken to investigate its fractional-order discrete synchronisation. The fractional-order differential model memristor system is transformed to its discrete model and the dynamic properties of the fractional-order discrete system are investigated. A new method for synchronising commensurate and incommensurate fractional discrete chaotic maps are proposed and validated. Numerical results are established to support the proposed methodologies. This method of synchronisation can be applied for any fractional discrete maps. Finally the fractional-order memristor system is implemented in FPGA to show that the chaotic system is hardware realisable.

http://ift.tt/2BWl56g

Author Correction to: Prevalence of Use and Cost of Biological Drugs for Cancer Treatment: A 5-Year Picture from Southern Italy

Unfortunately, many errors were identified in the published article. The original article was corrected.

http://ift.tt/2ls439f

Tight co-twin similarity of monozygotic twins for hTERT protein level of T cell subsets, for telomere length and mitochondrial DNA copy number, but not for telomerase activity

Abstract

Our study analyzed lymphocyte subpopulations of 32 monozygotic twins and compared the level of the catalytic reverse transcriptase protein subunit (hTERT) in T lymphocytes (Tly), helper- (Th), cytotoxic- (Tc) and regulatory T cell (Treg) subgroups. Four variables related to telomere and mitochondrial biology were simultaneously assessed, applying multi-parametric flow cytometry, TRAP-ELISA assay and qPCR standard curve method on peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples of genetically matched individuals. Twin data of telomerase activity (TA), hTERT protein level, telomere length (TL) and mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) were analyzed for co-twin similarity. The present study has provided novel information by demonstrating very high intraclass correlation (ICC) of hTERT protein level in T lymphocytes (0.891) and in both Th (0.896), Treg (0.885) and Tc (0.798) cell subgroups. When comparing results measured from PBMCs, intraclass correlation was also high for telomere length (0.815) and considerable for mtDNA copy number (0.524), and again exceptionally high for the rate-limiting telomerase subunit, hTERT protein level (0.946). In contrast, telomerase activity showed no co-twin similarity (ICC 0). By comparing relative amounts of hTERT protein levels in different lymphocyte subgroups of twin subjects, in Treg cells significantly higher level could be detected compared to Tly, Th or Tc cell subgroups. This is the first study that simultaneously analyzed co-twin similarity in MZ twins for the above four variables and alongside assessed their relationship, whereby positive association was found between TL and mtDNAcn.

http://ift.tt/2lrWhvW

Particle size prediction of magnesium nanoparticle produced by inert gas condensation method

Abstract

Properties of nanoparticles are normally depending on particle size; therefore, developing a model to predict particle size is of vital importance. This paper established an energy analysis model to predict average particle size of magnesium nanoparticles fabricated by inert gas condensation method. Predictions of average particle size ranging from 20 to 50 nm by energy analysis model have relative errors of less than 10% compared with experimental research. Further, the model is applied to investigate operation conditions to decrease the average particle size of magnesium nanoparticles. It is found that decreasing the absolute pressure in the condensation room and increasing the temperature rise of the inert gas can both produce nanoparticles with smaller average particle sizes. Temperature rise of the inert gas plays a more important role in effect on average nanoparticle size than the absolute pressure in the condensation room. Energy transformed by collision bonding and dissipated by convection are the dominant processes for particle growth when number of atoms in one particle is greater than 2000 atoms.

http://ift.tt/2Cpx1yE

Thermal engineering of lead-free nanostructured CH 3 NH 3 SnCl 3 perovskite material for thin-film solar cell

Abstract

Perovskite solar cell is a kind of revolutionary investigation in the field of renewable energy which is capable of mitigates the deficiencies of silicon solar cell and its uprising efficiency can bring blessing to society. The presence of lead (Pb) in perovskite solar cell can make worst and negative impact on environment and is not desirable for our society. In this paper, general plans are anticipated by replacement of Pb with tin (Sn) in open atmosphere to fabricate the CH₃NH₃SnCl₃ photovoltaic cells in chlorine (Cl)-rich environment. Excess uses of Cl has positive influences on morphological growth of the film and it also suppresses the oxidation tendency of tin (Sn) with existing oxygen in atmosphere and maintains same chemical atmosphere as bulk. Various characterization tools like X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope (SEM) have been used to study the effect of annealing temperature on crystal stricture, phase formation, impurities, and morphologies of the film. Finally, photovoltaic performance was reported using the solar simulator under 1.5 sun illumination.

Graphical abstract

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http://ift.tt/2DA0QeS

A commercially available device suppresses photic driving: implications for EEG recording

Abstract

Intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) is an activation procedure routinely performed during EEG. The EEG response may consist in physiological photic driving (PPD) or in photoparoxysmal response (PPR). Sometimes, the distinction between PPR and PPD can be challenging, especially in case of PPR limited to posterior regions (Waltz type 1 or 2). A commercially available device, namely Zeiss Clarlet F133 lenses (ZEISS lenses), can suppress PPR, while its influence on PPD is still unknown. This study aims to test the effect of ZEISS lenses on PPD at different flash frequencies. We prospectively collected all consecutive EEGs showing PPD to IPS, performed both with eyes open and closed at stimulation frequencies between 3 and 24 Hz. When PPD was present, IPS with ZEISS lenses was performed. We analyzed the presence of PPD without and with lenses by means of McNemar's test We included 97 EEGs showing PPD. This response was more commonly obtained at flash frequencies between 6 and 12 Hz. The use of ZEISS lenses significantly decreased the proportion of subjects showing PPD at each frequency (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). ZEISS lenses significantly reduce the proportion of subjects showing PPD at all stimulus frequencies, regardless of eye opening or closure. Physicians should consider that ZEISS lenses do not allow distinction between PPD and PPR. The effect of ZEISS lenses on PPR and on PPD suppression suggests that these two phenomena derive from similar mechanisms involving the entrainment of neural oscillators within the visual cortex.

http://ift.tt/2BWVolY

Kinematics, Singularity Study and Optimization of an Innovative Spherical Parallel Manipulator with Large Workspace

Abstract

A novel design for three degree of freedom (DoF) mechanical arm, i.e. a 3-PUS/S Spherical Parallel Manipulator (SPM) with three rotational motions is proposed in this article. In addition, its kinematic equations, singularity and design optimization are studied according to its application. The proposed parallel robot that has three legs with three prismatic joints can rotate about Z-axis unlimitedly. Therefore, the manipulator has large workspace and good flexibility, hence being attractive to study. To complete the kinematic analysis of the manipulator, three stages are considered as follows. At the first, the kinematics of the SPM is explained to obtain the positions, velocities, and accelerations. Furthermore, the Jacobian and Hessian matrices of the 3-PUS/S Parallel Manipulator are derived. The results are verified by the use of CAD and Adams software. Next, the Jacobian matrix obtained from the kinematic equations is utilized to study the different types of singularities. Finally, the optimum dimensions of the manipulator based on kinematic and singularity features are studied by Genetic Algorithm (GA), and the Global Condition Index (GCI) is maximized. The results help the designers to achieve an ideal geometry for the parallel manipulator with good workspace and minimum singularity.

http://ift.tt/2lrXhQR

Reported time to onset of neurological adverse drug reactions among different age and gender groups using metoclopramide: an analysis of the global database Vigibase®.

Abstract

Purpose

Despite FDA and EMA warnings of long-term use, little is known regarding the time to onset (TTO) of neurological adverse drug reactions (ADR) for metoclopramide. The aims of this study were, first, to evaluate whether neurological ADRs are more commonly reported for metoclopramide than for other medications, and second, to describe how time to onset of neurological ADRs differs by age and gender.

Methods

All ADR reports with metoclopramide as the suspected/interacting drug were extracted from the WHOs Global ADR database Vigibase® between 1967 and May 2016. Cox proportional hazards models were fit using TTO of neurological ADRs as the outcome and age, gender, and type of ADR as predictors. Proportional Reporting Ratios (PRRs) for neurological ADRs were compared across age and gender. Lawyer reports were excluded in the analysis.

Results

Over 47,000 ADR reports with metoclopramide were identified. Over one third (35.6%) of the reports came from lawyers. The majority of ADRs in general and neurological ADRs in specific occurred within the first 5 days of metoclopramide use (median 1 day). TTO increased with age. Neurological ADRs were reported two to four times as frequently for metoclopramide than for other drugs, with the highest PRRs observed in children (PRR = 4.24 for girls and 4.60 for boys).

Conclusions

Most adverse drug reactions occur within the first 5 days of treatment with metoclopramide. Patients requiring use of metoclopramide should be carefully monitored for neurological ADRs during the first days of treatment.

http://ift.tt/2Cs5nB7

Phytoaromathérapie de la furonculose

http://ift.tt/2lqlC9F

Propriétés antifongiques des huiles essentielles des feuilles de Citrus vis-à-vis d’Alternaria alternata et Penicillium sp in vitro

Abstract

Résumé

Les huiles essentielles ont été extraites par hydrodistillation à partir des feuilles de citrus. Les rendements les plus importants ont été enregistrés avec Citrus limon L (1.02%) et Citrus sinensis (0.96%). Les résultats de l'activité antifongique des huiles essentielles des feuilles de citrus montrent un pouvoir inhibiteur des huiles essentielles de Citrus aurantium, Citrus limon et Citrus reticulata sur la croissance mycélienne radiale d'Alternaria alternata et Penicillium sp. Ils montrent également que l'activité antifongique augmente avec la concentration des huiles essentielles testées. Celles-ci peuvent être utilisées comme agents antifongiques potentiels pour lutter contre les maladies fongiques des plantes.

http://ift.tt/2Ef7Xup

Abstract of 44th National Conference of Association of Clinical Biochemists of India (ACBICON 2017)

http://ift.tt/2CqXU55

Nano-formulation for topical treatment of precancerous lesions: skin penetration, in vitro, and in vivo toxicological evaluation

Abstract

With the aim of improving the topical delivery of the antineoplastic drug 5-fluorouracil (5FU), it was loaded into ultradeformable liposomes composed of soy phosphatidylcholine and sodium cholate (UDL-5FU). The liposome populations had a mean size of 70 nm without significant changes in 56 days, and the ultradeformable formulations were up to 324-fold more elastic than conventional liposomes. The interaction between 5FU and the liposomal membrane was studied by three methods, and also release profile was obtained. UDL-5FU did penetrate the stratum corneum of human skin. At in vitro experiments, the formulation was more toxic on a human melanoma-derived than on a human keratinocyte-derived cell line. Cells captured liposomes by metabolically active processes. In vivo toxicity experiments were carried out in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae by studying the swimming activity, morphological changes, and alterations in the heart rate after incubation. UDL-5FU was more toxic than free 5FU. Therefore, this nano-formulation could be useful for topical application in deep skin precancerous lesions with advantages over current treatments. This is the first work that assessed the induction of apoptosis, skin penetration in a Saarbrücken penetration model, and the toxicological effects in vivo of an ultradeformable 5FU-loaded formulation.

http://ift.tt/2zNsseo

An update on coating/manufacturing techniques of microneedles

Abstract

Recently, results have been published for the first successful phase I human clinical trial investigating the use of dissolving polymeric microneedles… Even so, further clinical development represents an important hurdle that remains in the translation of microneedle technology to approved products. Specifically, the potential for accumulation of polymer within the skin upon repeated application of dissolving and coated microneedles, combined with a lack of safety data in humans, predicates a need for further clinical investigation. Polymers are an important consideration for microneedle technology—from both manufacturing and drug delivery perspectives. The use of polymers enables a tunable delivery strategy, but the scalability of conventional manufacturing techniques could arguably benefit from further optimization. Micromolding has been suggested in the literature as a commercially viable means to mass production of both dissolving and swellable microneedles. However, the reliance on master molds, which are commonly manufactured using resource intensive microelectronics industry-derived processes, imparts notable material and design limitations. Further, the inherently multi-step filling and handling processes associated with micromolding are typically batch processes, which can be challenging to scale up. Similarly, conventional microneedle coating processes often follow step-wise batch processing. Recent developments in microneedle coating and manufacturing techniques are highlighted, including micromilling, atomized spraying, inkjet printing, drawing lithography, droplet-born air blowing, electro-drawing, continuous liquid interface production, 3D printing, and polyelectrolyte multilayer coating. This review provides an analysis of papers reporting on potentially scalable production techniques for the coating and manufacturing of microneedles.

http://ift.tt/2C93Wue

Exposure of pregnant sows to deoxynivalenol during 35–70 days of gestation does not affect pathomorphological and immunohistochemical properties of fetal organs

Abstract

In order to evaluate the influence of deoxynivalenol (DON) on histomorphological and immunohistochemical parameters in the development of porcine fetuses, five pregnant sows were fed a control diet (0.15 mg DON/kg diet) and seven sows a contaminated diet (4.42 mg DON/kg diet) between days 35 and 70 of gestation. On day 70, fetuses were delivered by caesarean section and sows and fetuses were euthanized. Tissue samples of three fetuses from each sow were collected, fixed in formalin, and processed routinely for light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. At necropsy, no macroscopic lesions were observed in any organ of the fetuses. Histomorphological, immunohistochemical, and morphometrical parameters of the immune system, liver, and intestinal tract were examined. The following antibodies were used in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, gut, and bone marrow to compare control- and DON-treated animals: (I) CD3 and CD79a (T and B lymphocytes differentiation); (II) myeloid/histiocyte antigen 387 (MAC) (identification of macrophages); (III) Ki-67 Antigen (Ki-67) (proliferation marker); (IV) p-p-38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p-p38 MAPK) as well as caspase-3 (cas3) and caspase-9 (cas9) (enzymes of apoptosis cascade); (V) tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) (immune-related protein). The results of the study show that exposure of pregnant sows with DON between gestation days 35 and 70 causes no pathomorphologically or immunohistochemically detectable alterations in all fetal organs examined.

http://ift.tt/2Dz2u0G

Transit time corrected arterial spin labeling technique aids to overcome delayed transit time effect

Abstract

Purpose

This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of transit time corrected cerebral blood flow (CBF) maps based on multi-phase arterial spin labeling MR perfusion imaging (ASL-MRP).

Methods

The Institutional Review Board of our hospital approved this retrospective study. Written informed consent was waived. Conventional and multi-phase ASL-MRPs and dynamic susceptibility contrast MR perfusion imaging (DSC-MRP) were acquired for 108 consecutive patients. Vascular territory-based volumes of interest were applied to CBF and time to peak (TTP) maps obtained from DSC-MRP and CBF maps obtained from conventional and multi-phase ASL-MRPs. The concordances between normalized CBF (nCBF) from DSC-MRP and nCBF from conventional and transition time corrected CBF maps from multi-phase ASL-MRP were evaluated using Bland-Altman analysis. In addition, the dependence of difference between nCBF (ΔnCBF) values obtained from DSC-MRP and conventional ASL-MRP (or multi-phase ASL-MRP) on TTP obtained from DSC-MRP was also analyzed using regression analysis.

Results

The values of nCBFs from conventional and multi-phase ASL-MRPs had lower values than nCBF based on DSC-MRP (mean differences, 0.08 and 0.07, respectively). The values of ΔnCBF were dependent on TTP values from conventional ASL-MRP technique (F = 5.5679, P = 0.0384). No dependency of ΔnCBF on TTP values from multi-phase ASL-MRP technique was revealed (F = 0.1433, P > 0.05).

Conclusion

The use of transit time corrected CBF maps based on multi-phase ASL-MRP technique can overcome the effect of delayed transit time on perfusion maps based on conventional ASL-MRP.

http://ift.tt/2DwJBeG

Correction to: The spatial distribution of Republican and Democratic climate opinions at state and local scales

Abstract

The referenced publication included a methodological error that affects a portion of the reported results for registered Democrats by about 1 percentage point on average.

http://ift.tt/2CjgsXd

Finding key nanoprecipitation variables for achieving uniform polymeric nanoparticles using neurofuzzy logic technology

Abstract

Nanoprecipitation is a simple and fast method to produce polymeric nanoparticles (Np); however, most applications require filtration or another separation technique to isolate the nanosuspension from aggregates or polydisperse particle production. In order to avoid variability introduced by these additional steps, we report here a systematic study of the process to yield monomodal and uniform Np production with the nanoprecipitation method. To further identify key variables and their interactions, we used artificial neural networks (ANN) to investigate the multiple variables which influence the process. In this work, a polymethacrylate derivative was used for Np (NpERS) and a database with several formulations and conditions was developed for the ANN model. The resulting ANN model had a high predictability (> 70%) for NpERS characteristics measured (mean size, PDI, zeta potential, and number of particle populations). Moreover, the model identified production variables leading to polymer supersaturation, such as mixing time and turbulence, as key in achieving monomodal and uniform NpERS in one production step. Polymer concentration and type of solvent, modifiers of polymer diffusion and supersaturation, were also shown to control NpERS characteristics. The ANN study allowed the identification of key variables and their interactions and resulted in a predictive model to study the NpERS production by nanoprecipitation. In turn, we have achieved an optimized method to yield uniform NpERS which could pave way for polymeric nanoparticle production methods with potential in biological and drug delivery applications.

http://ift.tt/2pWKLOA

Corneal delivery of besifloxacin using rapidly dissolving polymeric microneedles

Abstract

Penetration of antibiotics into and through the cornea is a major limiting factor in the treatment of ocular infections. Several strategies are in vogue to overcome this limitation such as use of fortified drops, gels, and subconjunctival injections. Here, we present the fabrication of rapidly dissolving polymeric microneedle array to effectively deliver besifloxacin through the cornea. Microneedles were prepared using polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl pyrrolidone by the micromolding technique. The model fluoroquinolone antibiotic, besifloxacin, was loaded in 36 microneedles arranged in a 6 × 6 array format within a 1 cm² area. The average height and base width of microneedles was 961 ± 27 and 366 ± 16 μm, respectively. Each microneedle array contained 103.4 ± 8.5 μg of besifloxacin. Cryosectioning and confocal microscopy of excised human cornea revealed that microneedles penetrated to a depth of up to 200 μm. Microneedles were found to completely dissolve in the cornea within 5 min. Application of microneedles for 5 min significantly (p < 0.05) improved the besifloxacin deposition and permeation through the cornea compared with free besifloxacin solution. Similarly, besifloxacin-loaded microneedles showed greater antibacterial activity in Staphylococcus aureus-infected cornea in comparison to free besifloxacin solution. Taken together, rapidly dissolving microneedles can be developed to effectively deliver besifloxacin to treat bacterial infections in the cornea and eye.

http://ift.tt/2EclO4V

Wastewater: A Potential Bioenergy Resource

Abstract

Wastewaters are a rich source of nutrients for microorganisms. However, if left unattended the biodegradation may lead to severe environmental hazards. The wastewaters can thus be utilized for the production of various value added products including bioenergy (H₂ and CH₄). A number of studies have reported utilization of various wastewaters for energy production. Depending on the nature of the wastewater, different reactor configurations, wastewater and inoculum pretreatments, co-substrate utilizations along with other process parameters have been studied for efficient product formation. Only a few studies have reported sequential utilization of wastewaters for H₂ and CH₄ production despite its huge potential for complete waste degradation.

http://ift.tt/2BV2Myc

Martensitic Transformation in a β-Type Mg–Sc Alloy

Abstract

Recently, we found that a Mg–Sc alloy with a bcc (β) phase exhibits superelasticity and a shape memory effect at low temperature. In this work, we examined the stress-induced and thermally induced martensitic transformation of the β-type Mg–Sc alloy and investigated the crystal structure of the thermally induced martensite phase based on in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. The lattice constants of the martensite phase were calculated to be a = 0.3285 nm, b = 0.5544 nm, and c = 0.5223 nm when we assumed that the martensite phase has an orthorhombic structure (Cmcm). Based on the lattice correspondence between a bcc and an orthorhombic structures such as that in the case of β-Ti shape memory alloys, we estimated the transformation strain of the β Mg–Sc alloy. As a result, the transformation strains along the 001, 011, and 111 directions in the β phase were calculated to be + 5.7, + 8.8, and + 3.3%, respectively.

http://ift.tt/2pRhsNk

Patient satisfaction with robotic surgery

Abstract

This study is a service evaluation of the robotic-assisted surgery service within the Gynaecology Oncology department at Sheffield Teaching Hospitals. The aim is not only to evaluate and improve this new service within the department, but also to add to the available literature that reviews patient satisfaction with robotic-assisted surgery. An anonymous questionnaire was developed with questions taken from the NHS User Experience Survey Question Bank and additional questions in the same format specific to robotic-assisted surgery. This was posted to the first 140 patients to have undergone robotic-assisted surgery within Gynae Oncology at STH. One hundred completed questionnaires were returned. Over 90% of patients were pleased with the care that they received pre-operatively and felt that they have enough input into the decisions made about treatment. Half of patients (51%) reported having pain post-procedure, with a quarter of these patients experiencing severe pain. The majority of patients (72%) felt that their length of stay in hospital was of the right duration. Almost all patients (99%) were pleased with the overall care that they received and 91% would recommend robotic-assisted surgery as a modality. Patients are very satisfied with the care that they receive when undergoing robotic-assisted surgery within Gynae Oncology at our center and the majority of patients would recommend robotic-assisted surgery as a modality.

http://ift.tt/2pXKH1a

Chemokines CXCL10, CXCL11, and CXCL13 in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, non-polio enterovirus aseptic meningitis, and neuroborreliosis: CXCL10 as initial discriminator in diagnostic algorithm?

Abstract

We investigated potential diagnostic usefulness of serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of chemokines CXCL10, CXCL11, and CXCL13 in pediatric patients with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) (n = 23), non-polio enterovirus aseptic meningitis (NPEV AM) (n = 20), and neuroborreliosis (NB) (n = 21) and children with acute infectious diseases with neurological symptoms but with excluded neuroinfection/neuroinflammation (controls, n = 20). CSF levels of CXCL10 and CXCL11 were higher in patients with NPEV AM than those in other children, and CXCL10 levels showed a high discriminative potential (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, ROC, 0.982) with high specificity and sensitivity (both 95%). CSF levels of CXCL13 were higher in NB patients than those in other children; however, discriminative potential (area under ROC curve 0.814) and diagnostic properties were moderate (sensitivity 67%, specificity 97%). Data suggest usefulness of chemokine quantification as a diagnostic aid in children with suspected ADEM, NPEV AM, or NB.

http://ift.tt/2CnhjnG

Paradoxical impact of decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level at baseline on the long-term prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome

Abstract

Although statin therapy is beneficial in the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), a substantial proportion of patients with ACS still do not receive the guideline-recommended lipid management in contemporary practice. We hypothesize that the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level at the time of admission might affect patient management and the subsequent outcome. Nine-hundred and forty-two consecutive patients with ACS who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention were analyzed retrospectively. The study patients were first divided into two groups based on the LDL-C level on admission: group A (n = 267), with LDL-C < 100 mg/dL; and group B (n = 675), with LDL-C ≥ 100 mg/dL. Each group was then further divided into those who were prescribed statins or not at the time of discharge from the hospital. The primary endpoint was all-cause death. In addition, we analyzed the serial changes of LDL-C within 1 year. Patients in group A were significantly older and more likely to have multiple comorbidities compared with group B. The proportion of patients who were prescribed statin at discharge was significantly smaller in group A compared with group B (57.7 vs. 77.3%, p < 0.001). During the median 4-year follow-up, there were 122 incidents of all-cause death. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis revealed that LDL-C < 100 mg/dL on admission [hazard ratio (HR), 1.61; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.09–2.39; p < 0.05] and prescription of statins at discharge (HR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.36–0.76; p < 0.001) were associated significantly with all-cause death. Under these conditions, increasing LDL-C levels were documented during follow-up in those patients in group A when no statins were prescribed at discharge (79 ± 15–96 ± 29 mg/dL, p < 0.001), whereas these remained unchanged when statins were prescribed at discharge (79 ± 15–77 ± 22 mg/dL, p = 0.30). These results demonstrate that decreased LDL-C on admission in ACS led to less prescription for statins, which could result in increased death, probably due to underestimation of the baseline LDL-C.

http://ift.tt/2Egq4Af

Delta opioid receptors recycle to the membrane after sorting to the degradation path

Abstract

Soon after internalization delta opioid receptors (DOPrs) are committed to the degradation path by G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-associated binding protein. Here we provide evidence that this classical post-endocytic itinerary may be rectified by downstream sorting decisions which allow DOPrs to regain to the membrane after having reached late endosomes (LE). The LE sorting mechanism involved ESCRT accessory protein Alix and the TIP47/Rab9 retrieval complex which supported translocation of the receptor to the TGN, from where it subsequently regained the cell membrane. Preventing DOPrs from completing this itinerary precipitated acute analgesic tolerance to the agonist DPDPE, supporting the relevance of this recycling path in maintaining the analgesic response by this receptor. Taken together, these findings reveal a post-endocytic itinerary where GPCRs that have been sorted for degradation can still recycle to the membrane.

http://ift.tt/2zM7ahp

Evaluation of vertebral artery anomaly in basilar invagination and prevention of vascular injury during surgical intervention: CTA features and analysis

Abstract

Objective

To evaluate vertebral artery anomaly at the craniovertebral junction (CVJ) in patients with basilar invagination (BI) by computed tomographic angiography (CTA), and to discuss the prevention strategy of vascular injury.

Methods

The primary axial, multiple planar reconstruction and volume-rendering cervicocranial CTA images of 39 BI patients were analysed to evaluate vertebral artery anomaly at the CVJ: persistent first intersegmental artery (PFIA), fenestrated vertebral artery (FEN), and extracranial C1/2 origin of posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), high-riding vertebral artery, side-to-side asymmetry and irregular midline carotid artery loop was determined by subjective vision. 100 patients who underwent CTA for reasons other than CVJ deformity were enrolled as normal controls to evaluate the prevalence of vertebral artery anomaly in a normal population. Chi-square test was utilized for comparing the prevalence of vertebral artery anomaly between these two groups.

Results

The incidence of PFIA was 25.6% (10/39), FEN was 7.7% (3/39), PICA was 5.1% (2/39), and the total incidence of extraosseous anomalous course of vertebral artery was 38.5% (15/39), significantly higher than that of control group, 7.0% (7/100) (P < 0.01). The incidence of high-riding vertebral artery and side-to-side asymmetry were 61.5% (24/39) and 30.8% (12/39), respectively. An irregular midline carotid artery loop was observed in five patients (12.8%).

Conclusion

Vertebral artery anomaly, which can be clearly depicted by CTA, is more frequent in BI patients. Preoperative CTA should be performed for this patient population to prevent vascular injury.

Graphical abstract

These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.

http://ift.tt/2DudWdW

Answer to the Letter to the Editor of A. De Giorgio et al. concerning “Effects of lumbosacral orthoses on postural control in individuals with or without non-specific low back pain” by J. Mi et al. (Eur Spine J; 2017: doi:10.1007/s00586-017-5355-5)

http://ift.tt/2DwoKbq

Pro-inflammatory cytokines after an episode of acute pancreatitis: associations with fasting gut hormone profile

Abstract

Introduction

Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, are often elevated in individuals after acute pancreatitis but what determines their levels is poorly understood. Gut hormones have emerged as possible modulators of inflammatory response. The aim was to investigate the associations between pro-inflammatory cytokines and a comprehensive panel of gut hormones after an episode of acute pancreatitis.

Materials and methods

Fasting blood samples were collected to measure cytokines (IL-6, TNFα, and MCP-1) and gut hormones (cholecystokinin, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), ghrelin, glicentin, glucagon-like peptide-1, oxyntomodulin, peptide YY, secretin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide). A series of linear regression analyses was conducted and four statistical models were used to adjust for patient- and pancreatitis-related covariates.

Results

A total of 83 individuals were recruited. GIP and peptide YY were significantly (p < 0.001) associated with IL-6, TNFα, MCP-1, consistently in all the four models. Every 1 ng/mL change in GIP resulted in a 16.2, 3.2, and 50.8% increase in IL-6, TNFα, and MCP-1, respectively, in the most adjusted model. Every 1 ng/mL change in peptide YY resulted in a 7.0, 2.4, and 32.1% increase in IL-6, TNFα, and MCP-1, respectively, in the most adjusted model. GIP independently contributed 29.0–36.5% and peptide YY − 17.4–48.9% to circulating levels of the studied pro-inflammatory cytokines. The other seven studied gut hormones did not show consistently significant associations with pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Conclusions

GIP and peptide YY appear to be involved in perpetuation of subclinical inflammation following an episode of acute pancreatitis, which is known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of blood glucose derangements. These findings advance the understanding of mechanisms underlying diabetes of the exocrine pancreas and have translational implications.

http://ift.tt/2zMGDQP

Hyperhomocysteinemia in acute iatrogenic hypothyroidism: the relevance of thyroid autoimmunity

Abstract

Purpose

Hyperhomocysteinemia is a known cardiovascular risk factor and a key player in the inflammatory activation of autoimmune diseases. Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is the leading cause of hypothyroidism which, in itself, has been associated with a significant raise of homocysteine (Hcy) levels and increased cardiovascular risk. Our aim was to assess the impact of HT on Hcy levels in patients with acute hypothyroidism.

Methods

We prospectively enrolled 121 patients (mean age: 46 years, F/M = 102/19) with acute post-surgical hypothyroidism. Based on the presence of anti-thyroid antibodies and the histological description of an inflammatory infiltrate, 26 and 95 patients were classified as HT and non-HT, respectively. Several parameters including thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), levels of serum free T3 and free T4, weight, glucose levels, total cholesterol, creatinine, vitamin B₁₂, ferritin and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were obtained from all patients and correlated with Hcy levels.

Results

Median Hcy level in the whole cohort was 16.8 µmol/L (normal values: < 12 µmol/l). Among all parameters analysed, only Hcy levels were significantly different between HT and non-HT patients (median Hcy = 19.7 vs 16.2 µmol/L, respectively; p = 0.018, Mann–Whitney U test). Analysis of covariance showed the presence of HT to be the strongest predictor of Hcy levels (coefficient = 0.25534, p = 0.001). Serum TSH was not significantly associated with Hcy levels (p = 0.943).

Conclusion

In patients with iatrogenic hypothyroidism, those with HT have significantly higher Hcy levels than those without HT. The increase of Hcy levels appears to be mainly determined by the HT-related immune-inflammatory condition.

http://ift.tt/2C8D2m8

Cytotoxicity of propofol in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes

Abstract

Purpose

Propofol infusion syndrome (PRIS) is a lethal condition caused by propofol overdose. Previous studies suggest that pathophysiological mechanisms underlying PRIS involve mitochondrial dysfunction; however, these mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to establish an experimental model of propofol-induced cytotoxicity using cultured human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes to determine the mechanisms behind propofol-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, and to evaluate the protective effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10).

Methods

Human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes were exposed to propofol (0, 2, 10, or 50 µg/ml) with or without 5 µM CoQ10. Mitochondrial function was assessed by measuring intracellular ATP, lactate concentrations in culture media, NAD⁺/NADH ratio, and the mitochondrial membrane potential. Propofol-induced cytotoxicity was evaluated by analysis of cell viability. Expression levels of genes associated with mitochondrial energy metabolism were determined by PCR. Intracellular morphological changes were analyzed by confocal microscopy.

Results

Treatment with 50 µg/ml propofol for 48 h reduced cell viability. High concentrations of propofol (≥ 10 µg/ml) induced mitochondrial dysfunction accompanied by downregulation of gene expression of PGC-1alpha and its downstream targets (NDUFS8 and SDHB, which are involved in the respiratory chain reaction; and CPT1B, which regulates beta-oxidation). Cardiomyocytes co-treated with 5 µM CoQ10 exhibited resistance to propofol-induced toxicity through recovery of gene expression.

Conclusions

Propofol-induced cytotoxicity in human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes may be associated with mitochondrial dysfunction via downregulation of PGC-1alpha-regulated genes associated with mitochondrial energy metabolism. Co-treatment with CoQ10 protected cardiomyocytes from propofol-induced cytotoxicity.

http://ift.tt/2zMtB5V

The Effect of the Removal of User Fees for Delivery at Public Health Facilities on Institutional Delivery in Urban Kenya

Abstract

Objectives In 2013, Kenya removed delivery fees at public health facilities in an effort to promote equity in access to health services and address high maternal mortality. This study determines the effect of the policy to remove user fees on institutional delivery in a population-based sample of women from urban Kenya. Methods Longitudinal data were collected from a representative sample of 8500 women from five cities in Kenya in 2010 with a follow-up interview in 2014 (response rate 58.9%). Respondents were asked about their most recent birth since 2008 at baseline and 2012 at endline, including the delivery location. Multinomial logistic regression is used, controlling for the temporal time trend and background characteristics, to determine if births which occurred after the national policy change were more likely to occur at a public facility than at home or a private facility. Results Multivariate findings show that women were significantly more likely to deliver at a public facility as compared to a private facility after the policy. Among the poor, the results show that poor women were significantly more likely to deliver in a public facility compared to home or a private facility after policy change. Conclusions for Practice These findings show Kenya's progress towards achieving universal access to delivery services and meeting its national development targets. The removal of delivery fees in the public sector is leading to increased use of facilities for delivery among the urban poor; this is an important first step in reducing maternal death.

http://ift.tt/2BSpUNL

SMA Foils for MEMS: From Material Properties to the Engineering of Microdevices

Abstract

In the early nineties, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology has been still in its infancy. As silicon (Si) is not a transducer material, it was clear at the very beginning that mechanically active materials had to be introduced to MEMS in order to enable functional microdevices with actuation capability beyond electrostatics. At that time, shape memory alloys (SMAs) have been available in bulk form, mainly as SMA wires and SMA plates. On the macro scale, these materials show highest work densities compared to other actuation principles in the order of 10⁷ J/m³, which stimulated research on the integration of SMA to MEMS. Subsequently, two approaches for producing planar materials have been initiated (1) magnetron sputtering of SMA thin films and (2) the integration of rolled SMA foils, which both turned out to be very successful creating a paradigm change in microactuation technology. The following review covers important milestones of the research and development of SMA foil-based microactuators including materials characterization, design engineering, technology, and demonstrator development as well as first commercial products.

http://ift.tt/2zMrYFl

High levels of serum Mac-2-binding protein glycosylation isomer (M2BPGi) predict the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B patients treated with nucleot(s)ide analogues

Abstract

Background

Nucleot(s)ide analogues (NA) can reduce the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but not completely prevent its development.

Methods

Two hundred and thirty-four chronic hepatitis B patients virologically well controlled with entecavir or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for more than 1 year were enrolled in this study. Over the median observation period of 51 (12–142) months, 24 of 234 patients developed HCC. We quantified HBV markers, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and Mac-2-binding protein glycosylation isomer (M2BPGi) at baseline and 48 weeks after therapy.

Results

Serum AFP and M2BPGi tended to decline from baseline to 48 weeks after treatment both in patients who did and those who did not develop HCC. Univariate Cox regression analysis indicated that serum M2BPGi levels ≥ 1.215 COI at 48 weeks were associated with HCC development [hazard ratio (HR) 5.73; p ≤ 0.001]. Multivariate analysis showed that male sex (HR 5.6; p = 0.01), AFP ≥ 9.65 ng/ml (HR 22.01; p ≤ 0.001), M2BPGi ≥ 1.215 (HR 5.07; p = 0.004) at 48 weeks were significant independent predictive factors for HCC development. Based on a scoring system consisting of three factors above described, Kaplan–Meier analysis for four groups (score 0, 1, 2, ≥ 3), revealed significant differences in cumulative HCC occurrence for each group within 2 years. The rate of incidence of HCC was 0, 5.4, 23.4, and 75% in each group, respectively.

Conclusions

In patients receiving NA therapy, higher M2BPGi at 48 weeks, as well as male sex and higher AFP at 48 weeks were independent risk factors for HCC development.

http://ift.tt/2pYnk7o

Long-term effect of intensive prevention on dental health of primary school children by socioeconomic status

Abstract

Objectives

Children in a German region took part in regular toothbrushing with fluoride gel during their time in primary school after having received a preventive program in kindergarten. The study aimed at determining the dental health of the students as a function of prevention in kindergarten and at school while taking into account their socioeconomic status and other confounders.

Materials and methods

The subjects were in six groups: groups 1 and 2, intensive prevention in kindergarten with and without fluoride gel at school; groups 3 and 4, basic prevention in kindergarten with and without fluoride gel at school; groups 5 and 6, no organized prevention in kindergarten with and without fluoride gel at school. Two dental examinations were performed for assessing caries experience and calculating caries increment from second grade (7-year-olds) to fourth grade (9-year-olds). A standardized questionnaire was used to record independent variables. To compare caries scores and preventive measures of various subgroups, non-parametric tests and a binary logistic regression analysis were performed.

Results

A significant difference was found in the mean decayed, missing, and filled tooth/teeth (DMFT) depending on socioeconomic status (no prevention in kindergarten, fluoride gel at school in children with low SES: DMFT = 0.47 vs. DMFT = 0.18 in children with high SES; p = 0.023). Class-specific differences were no longer visible among children who had taken part in an intensive preventive program combining daily supervised toothbrushing in kindergarten and application of fluoride gel in school.

Conclusions

Early prevention, focusing on professionally supported training of toothbrushing in kindergarten and at school, has a positive effect on dental health and is able to reduce class-specific differences in caries distribution.

Clinical relevance

Early training of toothbrushing and fissure sealing of first permanent molars are the most important factors for the dental health of primary school children.

http://ift.tt/2pV8lv3

Anti-inflammatory and antiresorptive effects of Calendula officinalis on inflammatory bone loss in rats

Abstract

Objective

The aim of this work was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antiresorptive effects of Calendula officinalis (CLO) on alveolar bone loss (ABL) in rats.

Material and methods

Male Wistar rats were subjected to ABL by ligature with nylon thread around the second upper left molar. The contralateral hemimaxillae were used as control. Rats received saline solution (SAL) or CLO (10, 30, or 90 mg/kg) 30 min before ligature and daily until the 11th day. The maxillae were removed and prepared for macroscopic, radiographic, micro-tomographic, histopathologic, histometric analysis, and immunohistochemical localization of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG). The gingival tissues were used to quantify the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) concentrations by ELISA. Blood samples were collected for leukogram and to evaluate the bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) activity and serum levels of aspartate and alanine transaminases (AST/ALT).

Results

The bone loss induced by 11 days of ligature induced bone loss, reduced levels of BALP, leukocyte infiltration, increased MPO activity, gingival concentrations of TNF-α and IL-1β, and RANKL while reduced OPG immunoexpressions in the periodontal tissue and leukocytosis. Of the CLO, 90 mg/kg reduced bone loss, neutrophilia, the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators, and RANKL expression, while it increased OPG immunopositive cells and BALP serum levels, when compared to SAL. CLO did not affect either kidney or liver function, indicated by serum AST/ALT levels.

Conclusion

The present data suggests that CLO reduced inflammatory bone resorption in experimental periodontitis, which may be mediated by its anti-inflammatory properties and its effects on bone metabolism.

Clinical relevance

CLO can be a potential therapeutical adjuvant in the treatment of periodontitis.

http://ift.tt/2zLXsLW

X-ray diffraction analysis of MTA mixed and placed with various techniques

Abstract

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of various mixing techniques as well as the effect of ultrasonic placement on hydration of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis.

Materials and methods

One gram of ProRoot MTA and MTA Angelus powder was mixed with a 0.34-g of distilled water. Specimens were mixed either by mechanical mixing of capsules for 30 s at 4500 rpm or by manual mixing followed by application of a compaction pressure of 3.22 MPa for 1 min. The mixtures were transferred into the XRD sample holder with minimum pressure. Indirect ultrasonic activation was applied to half of the specimens. All specimens were incubated at 37 °C and 100% humidity for 4 days. Samples were analyzed by XRD. Phase identification was accomplished by use of search-match software utilizing International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD).

Results

All specimens comprised tricalcium silicate, calcium carbonate, and bismuth oxide. A calcium hydroxide phase was formed in all ProRoot specimens whereas among MTA Angelus groups, it was found only in the sample mixed mechanically and placed by ultrasonication.

Conclusions

Mechanical mixing followed by ultrasonication did not confer a significant disadvantage in terms of hydration characteristics of MTA.

Clinical relevance

Clinicians vary in the way they mix and place MTA. These variations might affect their physical characteristics and clinical performance. For ProRoot MTA, the mixing and placement methods did not affect its rheological properties, whereas for MTA Angelus, mechanical mixing combined with ultrasonic placement enhanced the calcium hydroxide phase formation.

http://ift.tt/2Ecn1Ji

Assessment of cardiovascular risk profile based on measurement of tophus volume in patients with gout

Abstract

Hyperuricemia and gout are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation of total tophus volumes, measured using dual-energy computed tomography, with cardiovascular risk and the presence of metabolic syndrome. Dual-energy computed tomography datasets from 91 patients with a diagnosis of gout were analyzed retrospectively. Patients who received urate lowering therapy were excluded to avoid the effect on tophus volume. The total volumes of tophaceous deposition were quantified using automated volume assessment software. The 10-year cardiovascular risk using the Framingham Risk Score and metabolic syndrome based on the Third Adult Treatment Panel criteria were estimated. Fifty-five and 36 patients with positive and negative dual-energy computed tomography results, respectively, were assessed. Patients with positive dual-energy computed tomography results showed significantly higher systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, and higher prevalence of chronic kidney disease, compared with those with negative dual-energy computed tomography results. The total tophus volumes were significantly correlated with the Framingham Risk Score, and the number of metabolic syndrome components (r = 0.22 and p = 0.036 and r = 0.373 and p < 0.001, respectively). The total tophus volume was one of the independent prognostic factors for the Framingham Risk Score in a multivariate analysis. This study showed the correlation of total tophus volumes with cardiovascular risk and metabolic syndrome-related comorbidities. A high urate burden could affect unfavorable cardiovascular profiles.

http://ift.tt/2Cli8zs

The Effect of the Removal of User Fees for Delivery at Public Health Facilities on Institutional Delivery in Urban Kenya

Abstract

Objectives In 2013, Kenya removed delivery fees at public health facilities in an effort to promote equity in access to health services and address high maternal mortality. This study determines the effect of the policy to remove user fees on institutional delivery in a population-based sample of women from urban Kenya. Methods Longitudinal data were collected from a representative sample of 8500 women from five cities in Kenya in 2010 with a follow-up interview in 2014 (response rate 58.9%). Respondents were asked about their most recent birth since 2008 at baseline and 2012 at endline, including the delivery location. Multinomial logistic regression is used, controlling for the temporal time trend and background characteristics, to determine if births which occurred after the national policy change were more likely to occur at a public facility than at home or a private facility. Results Multivariate findings show that women were significantly more likely to deliver at a public facility as compared to a private facility after the policy. Among the poor, the results show that poor women were significantly more likely to deliver in a public facility compared to home or a private facility after policy change. Conclusions for Practice These findings show Kenya's progress towards achieving universal access to delivery services and meeting its national development targets. The removal of delivery fees in the public sector is leading to increased use of facilities for delivery among the urban poor; this is an important first step in reducing maternal death.

http://ift.tt/2BSpUNL

“Next generation sequencing identifies mutations in GNPTG gene as a cause of familial form of scleroderma-like disease”

http://ift.tt/2ClSCHY

Dealing with Chronic Non-Bacterial Osteomyelitis: a practical approach

Abstract

Background

Chronic Non-Bacterial Osteomyelitis (CNO) is an inflammatory disorder that primarily affects children. Although underestimated, its incidence is rare. For these reasons, no diagnostic and no therapeutic guidelines exist. The manuscript wants to give some suggestions on how to deal with these patients in the every-day clinical practice.

Main body

CNO is characterized by insidious onset of bone pain with local swelling. Systemic symptoms such as fever, skin involvement and arthritis may be sometimes present. Radiological findings are suggestive for osteomyelitis, in particular if multiple sites are involved. CNO predominantly affects metaphyses of long bones, but clavicle and mandible, even if rare localizations of the disease, are very consistent with CNO diagnosis. CNO pathogenesis is still unknown, but recent findings highlighted the crucial role of cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-10 in disease pathogenesis. Moreover, the presence of non-bacterial osteomyelitis among autoinflammatory syndromes suggests that CNO could be considered an autoinflammatory disease itself. Differential diagnosis includes infections, malignancies, benign bone tumors, metabolic disorders and other autoinflammatory disorders. Radiologic findings, either with Magnetic Resonance or with Computer Scan, may be very suggestive. For this reason in patients in good clinical conditions, with multifocal localization and very consistent radiological findings bone biopsy could be avoided. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs are the first-choice treatment. Corticosteroids, methotrexate, bisphosphonates, TNFα-inhibitors and IL-1 blockers have also been used with some benefit; but the choice of the second line treatment depends on bone lesions localizations, presence of systemic features and patients' clinical conditions.

Conclusion

CNO may be difficult to identify and no consensus exist on diagnosis and treatment. Multifocal bone lesions with characteristic radiological findings are very suggestive of CNO. No data exist on best treatment option after Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs failure.

http://ift.tt/2DuY5f1

Announcement

http://ift.tt/2lpwzrL

Psychological Outcomes of Within-Group Sexual Violence: Evidence of Cultural Betrayal

Abstract

Cultural betrayal trauma theory is a new framework for understanding trauma-related mental health outcomes in immigrant and minority populations. The purpose of the current study is to empirically test cultural betrayal trauma theory. We hypothesized that the association between within-group sexual violence and mental health outcomes would be stronger for minorities. Participants (N = 368) were minority and majority college students, who completed online measures of sexual violence victimization and mental health outcomes. A MANOVA revealed that the link between within-group sexual violence and total trauma symptoms, depression, sexual abuse sequelae, sleep disturbance, and sexual problems was stronger for minorities. This study provides evidence for cultural betrayal trauma theory, as the findings suggest that outcomes from the same experience—within-group sexual violence—is affected by minority status. This work has implications for how mental health is understood, investigated, and treated in immigrant and minority populations.

http://ift.tt/2BRelX7

Foreword

http://ift.tt/2livrXG

Special issue: new horizons in cerebellar research

Abstract

The feasibility to administer magnetic and electric fields in a non-invasive manner to influence brain areas has attracted scientists interested in studying the neural correlates of normal and pathological forms of behaviour. In particular, the possibility of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques to target the cerebellum has led to a notable rise of research dedicated to unravelling the functional contributions of the cerebellum to motor- and non-motor related behavior. In this issue of Cerebellum & Ataxias a series of empirical and review articles provide a state of the art overview of non-invasive brain stimulation of the cerebellum.

http://ift.tt/2zLVJ98

MicroRNA-183-5p: A New Potential Marker for Prostate Cancer

Abstract

The microRNA (miR)-183-5p is expressed at high level in the majority of cancer. The purpose of present study was to investigate the role of oncogenic miR-183-5p in prostate cancer (PCa) as biomarker. We carried out our experiment in 50 prostate cancer patients and 40 patients of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 40 adjacent controls tissue. The expression of miR-183-5p was evaluated through reverse transcription qualitative polymerase chain reaction. We found that the expression of miR-183-5p in PCa tissue was significantly up regulated as compared to BPH patients and adjacent normal tissues as control. Additionally, miR-183 expression was correlated with higher prostate-specific antigen, higher Gleason Score and metastatic condition. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that miR-183-5p distinguished PCa patients from BPH patients and also from control. In conclusion, our data suggest that oncogenic miR-183-5p may be useful as a new tissue specific diagnostic biomarker in prostate cancer.

http://ift.tt/2CkpL9k

Laparoscopic surgery for locally advanced T4 colon cancer: the long-term outcomes and prognostic factors

Abstract

Purpose

For locally advanced pathological T4 (pT4) colon cancer, the safety and feasibility of laparoscopic procedures remain controversial. Therefore, this study aimed to assess short-term and long-term outcomes and to identify the prognostic factors in laparoscopic surgery for pT4 colon cancer.

Methods

The study group included 130 patients who underwent laparoscopic radical resection for pT4 colon and rectosigmoid cancer from January 2004 through December 2012. The short-term outcomes, long-term outcomes, and prognostic factors in pT4 colon cancer were analyzed.

Results

The median operative time was 205 min, with a median blood loss of 10 ml. The conversion rate was 3.8%, and 13 patients (10.0%) had postoperative complications. The radial resection margin was positive in 1 patient (0.8%). The median follow-up time was 73 months. The 5-year overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were 77.2 and 63.5%, respectively. On a multivariate analysis, a male sex [hazard ratio (HR) 3.09, p < 0.001], lymph node ratio ≥ 0.06 (HR 2.35, p = 0.021), tumor diameter < 38 mm (HR 2.57, p = 0.007), and right-sided colon cancer (HR 2.11, p = 0.047) were significantly related to a poor OS.

Conclusions

These results suggest that laparoscopic surgery for pT4 colon cancer is safe and feasible, and the oncological outcomes are acceptable. Based on the present findings, select patients with locally advanced colon cancer should not be excluded from laparoscopic surgery.

http://ift.tt/2EbbUR7

Does a History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Affect Key Outcomes in Women Participating in a Diabetes Prevention Program?

Abstract

Objectives To evaluate lifestyle change outcomes among women with and without a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) enrolled in the Montana Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP). Methods Participation, self-monitoring behavior, weight loss, and cardiometabolic risk reduction were compared among 5091 women at high-risk for type 2 diabetes, with and without a history of GDM, enrolled in the Montana DPP between 2008 and 2015. Results Women with a history of GDM (6% of enrolled women, n = 283) were significantly younger than women without GDM. No significant differences in participation, self-monitoring fat intake, achievement of the physical activity goal, or weight loss were found among women with and without a history of GDM. Overall, women lost an average of 5.0 kg (± 6.5), and 45 and 29% of women achieved 5 and 7% weight loss, respectively. Both groups lost significant and comparable amounts of weight. After adjusting for age and other factors, no differences were found in achievement of ≥ 5% weight loss (AOR 0.84; 95% CI 0.61–1.16) or the ≥ 7% weight loss goal (AOR 1.04; 95% CI 0.73–1.47) among women with and without a history of GDM. Conclusions for Practice Our findings suggest that women with and without a history of GDM successfully participate in and achieve significant weight loss in the DPP. Health care providers should identify and refer women with risk factors for type 2 diabetes, including a history of GDM, to a DPP within their community.

http://ift.tt/2lrHCAG

Two-photon fabrication of hydrogel microstructures for excitation and immobilization of cells

Abstract

We investigate in vitro fabrication of hydrogel microstructures by two photon laser lithography for single cell immobilization and excitation. Fluorescent yeast cells are embedded in water containing the hydrogel precursor mixtures and cross-linking is used to selectively immobilize a particular cell. Cell viability within the hydrogel precursor is estimated using a life/dead assay and elastic and stiff hydrogel structures are fabricated, immobilizing cells in a microfluidic environment. Additionally, we demonstrate the illumination of cells by on-the-fly fabricated hydrogel waveguide networks connected to an external light source, thereby exciting a fluorescence signal in a single immobilized cell.

http://ift.tt/2lgOnWR

Letermovir: First Global Approval

Abstract

Letermovir (Prevymis™) is an orally or intravenously administered cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA terminase complex inhibitor being developed by Merck & Co., Inc., under a global license from AiCuris Anti-infective Cures GmbH. Letermovir has been approved in Canada and the USA for the prophylaxis of CMV infection and disease in adult CMV-seropositive recipients of an allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). In addition, letermovir has received a positive opinion from the European Medicines Agency's Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use, and is under review in several countries, including Japan. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of letermovir leading to its first global approval in Canada as well as the USA for the prophylaxis of CMV infection and disease in adult CMV-seropositive recipients of an allogeneic HSCT.

http://ift.tt/2ClzPMY

Does a History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Affect Key Outcomes in Women Participating in a Diabetes Prevention Program?

Abstract

Objectives To evaluate lifestyle change outcomes among women with and without a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) enrolled in the Montana Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP). Methods Participation, self-monitoring behavior, weight loss, and cardiometabolic risk reduction were compared among 5091 women at high-risk for type 2 diabetes, with and without a history of GDM, enrolled in the Montana DPP between 2008 and 2015. Results Women with a history of GDM (6% of enrolled women, n = 283) were significantly younger than women without GDM. No significant differences in participation, self-monitoring fat intake, achievement of the physical activity goal, or weight loss were found among women with and without a history of GDM. Overall, women lost an average of 5.0 kg (± 6.5), and 45 and 29% of women achieved 5 and 7% weight loss, respectively. Both groups lost significant and comparable amounts of weight. After adjusting for age and other factors, no differences were found in achievement of ≥ 5% weight loss (AOR 0.84; 95% CI 0.61–1.16) or the ≥ 7% weight loss goal (AOR 1.04; 95% CI 0.73–1.47) among women with and without a history of GDM. Conclusions for Practice Our findings suggest that women with and without a history of GDM successfully participate in and achieve significant weight loss in the DPP. Health care providers should identify and refer women with risk factors for type 2 diabetes, including a history of GDM, to a DPP within their community.

http://ift.tt/2lrHCAG

FDC:TFH Interactions within Cervical Lymph Nodes of SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques

Abstract

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drains via the lymphatic drainage pathway. This lymphatic pathway connects the central nervous system (CNS) to the cervical lymph node (CLN). As the CSF drains to CLN via the dural and nasal lymphatics, T cells and antigen presenting cells pass along the channels from the subarachnoid space through the cribriform plate. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may also egress from the CNS along this pathway. As a result, HIV egressing from the CNS may accumulate within the CLN. Towards this objective, we analyzed CLNs isolated from rhesus macaques that were chronically-infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). We detected significant accumulation of SIV within the CLNs. SIV virion trapping was observed on follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) localized within the follicular regions of CLNs. In addition, SIV antigens formed immune complexes when FDCs interacted with B cells within the germinal centers. Subsequent interaction of these B cells with CD4+ T follicular helper cells (T_FHs) resulted in infection of the latter. Of note, 73% to 90% of the T_FHs cells within CLNs were positive for SIV p27 antigen. As such, it appears that not only do the FDCs retain SIV they also transmit them (via B cells) to T_FHs within these CLNs. This interaction results in infection of T_FHs in the CLNs. Based on these observations, we infer that FDCs within the CLNs have a novel role in SIV entrapment with implications for viral trafficking.

http://ift.tt/2BSorHn

Murphy’s law and Murphy eyes

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Structural and Functional Properties of Exopolysaccharide Excreted by a Novel Bacillus anthracis (Strain PFAB2) of Hot Spring Origin

Abstract

Exopolysaccharide produced by a unique avirulent Bacillus anthracis strain PFAB2 of hot spring origin has been characterized and its functional properties are investigated which is a first report. Maximum yield of EPS is 7.66 g/l with 2% glucose and 1% peptone as optimum carbon and nitrogen source respectively. The EPS is found to be a homopolymer consisting of only glucose as principle monosaccharide component. Through ¹H NMR study, different dextran-like proton peaks are observed. Molecular weight of the EPS resembles low molecular weight bacterial origin polysaccharides. Melting transition of the EPS has started after 276 °C which indicates good thermal stability. The EPS also shows potent antioxidant activity in terms of DPPH and ABTS mediated free radical scavenging property compared to standard ascorbic acid. Emulsifying property of the EPS is also observed and has shown good emulsification of vegetable oils. The polysaccharide forms a thermo resistant gel during the heating phase, with G′ higher than G″ indicating excellent shear-thinning behaviour and viscoelastic nature of the EPS.

http://ift.tt/2BQ60TD

Cancer Pain Management at Oncology Units: Comparing Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceived Barriers Between Physicians and Nurses

Abstract

Pain is a major symptom that causes suffering among patients diagnosed with cancer. Identifying physicians' and nurses' knowledge, attitudes, and their perceived barriers of cancer pain management is considered an essential step in improving cancer pain relief. The purposes of this study are to compare physicians' and nurses' knowledge and attitudes toward cancer pain management (CPM) and describe their perceived barriers to CPM at oncology units. A descriptive cross-sectional design was utilized to obtain data through self-report questionnaire. The total number of sample size was 207 participants (72 physicians and 135 nurses). Findings revealed that both physicians and nurses had fair knowledge and attitudes toward CPM. Physicians had significantly higher knowledge and better attitudes than nurses (62.3 vs. 51.5%, respectively). Physicians were knowledgeable about pharmacological pain management and opioid addiction but had negative attitudes toward pain assessment. Nurses' knowledge was better in regard of CPM guidelines, while they had poor knowledge about pharmacological pain management and opioid addiction. Physicians and nurses perceived knowledge deficit, lack of pain assessment, opioid unavailability, and lack of psychological interventions as the most common barriers to CPM. It is recommended to integrate recent evidence-based guidelines about CPM in oncology units that aim to improve practice. Offering continuing education courses in hospitals guided by pain teams is another essential recommendation for effective CPM.

http://ift.tt/2lf55pJ

Single nucleotide polymorphism of Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 gene associates with juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Abstract

Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) is a transcription suppressor or activator, acting through binding to methylated DNA. Numerous investigations have established a role for methylation aberrancies in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MECP2 gene have been implicated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here, the plausible association of MECP2 gene polymorphisms was evaluated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) predisposition in Iranian pediatric patients. In this case-control association study, 49 JIA patients and 398 age-, sex-, and ethnicity-matched healthy individuals were included. Genotyping of all samples for MECP2 gene rs1734787, rs1734791, rs1734792, and rs17435 polymorphisms was conducted by real-time allelic discrimination PCR technique. Except the AT genotype of rs17435 SNP, none of the alleles and genotypes of other positions were distributed significantly between JIA cases and controls. AT genotype was less frequent in JIA cases and was found to be protective genotype of JIA proneness (OR = 0.42; CI, 0.19–0.90; P = 0.028). Among the haplotypes, CCAA and TTTT were detected to have significant difference between cases and controls (OR = 1.74; CI, 1.01–2.98; P = 0.042 and OR = 1.82; CI, 1.05–3.13; P = 0.028). All positions were in linkage disequilibrium with each other according to D'. MECP2 gene rs17435 polymorphism was associated with JIA predisposition. Considering the involvement of genetic polymorphisms of MECP2 gene in susceptibility to adult-onset RA, this gene might basically play a role in the initiation of arthritis during early stages of life.

http://ift.tt/2zKQW84

Aortic Reservoir Function has a Strong Impact on the Cardiac Blood Supply–Workload Balance in Children

Abstract

It has been reported that more than half of the ejected blood from the left ventricle is stored in the aorta during systole and expelled during diastole. One important organ that receives blood flow mainly during diastole is the heart. It is also reported that the cardiac blood supply–workload balance in small children is disadvantageous to the heart. Therefore, we measured the aortic reservoir function and examined the relationship between the aortic reservoir function and the cardiac blood supply–workload balance. The percent diastolic runoff, which is the percentage of the diastolic blood flow of the total cardiac output, was measured as the index of the aortic reservoir function. The subendocardial viability ratio—the ratio of the diastolic pressure time index (the blood supply to the heart) to the tension time index (implying the myocardial oxygen demand)—was investigated as an index of the cardiac blood supply–workload balance in children. The percent diastolic runoff was 51.7 ± 4.5%, smaller than that in adult. It had a significant positive relationship to age (r² = 0.32, p = 0.0052). The subendocardial viability ratio was 100.8 ± 19.6% and had a strong relationship to the percent diastolic runoff (r² = 0.92, p < 0.0001). The percent diastolic runoff had a positive relationship with age during childhood. The value had a strong impact on the cardiac blood supply–workload balance.

http://ift.tt/2lqDWz9

Body image and psychological distress in women with breast cancer: a French online survey on patients’ perceptions and expectations

Abstract

Background

Altered body image caused by alopecia, loss of eyebrows or eyelashes, or mastectomy is a major source of psychological distress in women with breast cancer.

Objective

To identify and to assess patients' perceptions and expectations regarding altered body image.

Method

Opinion survey conducted among patients treated for breast cancer and member of French online support groups. Anonymous online self-administered survey sent to women with breast cancer.

Results

85% of the women interviewed experienced alopecia during treatment and 67% of them loss of eyebrows or eyelashes. About half of patients suffering alopecia and loss of eyebrows or eyelashes reported fearing what others think. Mastectomy was experienced by 84% of the women in our study, but only 32% of them reported fearing what others think. 87% of our study cohort received information about the possibility of adverse events. 70, 56, and 60% of women felt helped by information they received for the management of alopecia, loss of eyebrows or eyelashes, or mastectomy, respectively.

Conclusion

This study confirms that altered body image is a critical psychosocial issue for women with breast cancer. Effective information can be a source of reassurance and may constitute one of the most important sources of emotional support.

http://ift.tt/2lievAL